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FAL he died 13th January, 1830. He wrote various works, of which may be mentioned Ancient Geography—"Fortidens Geographie," 1819; Description of Norway—"Beskrivelse over Norge," 1821; "Biography of Washington," 1821; History of Norway—"Norges Historie," four parts, 1823-24.—M. H.  FALSTAFF. See.  FALSTER,, Danish poet and philologist, was born at Branderslev in Lolland, 1st January, 1690. Although early destined for the clerical profession, he devoted himself, whilst yet a youth, to philology. He died 14th October, 1752. Amongst his philological works may be particularly mentioned "Amœnitates Philologicæ," and his "Commentaries to Gellius," which made his name known beyond his own country, and brought him into correspondence with some of the first men of his time. His translation of Juvenal's fourteenth satire, and the elegies of Ovid, are much read. He is most known, however, by his own satires, of which six thousand copies were sold in four years. A very fine edition of these satires was published in 1840, with annotations and a life of the poet, by Christen Thaarup.—M. H.  FAMIN,, born at Marseilles in 1799; died in 1853; employed from an early age in the diplomatic service of France, was consul successively at Palermo, Naples, and Genoa; published an account of the paintings, sculptures, &c., of the secret cabinet of the museum of Naples. He was sent to Lisbon and afterwards to London, as chancellor of the embassies to those courts. He collected medals and coins. He wrote a good deal in the Revue des deux Mondes. He was engaged with a "History of the Saracens in Italy from the seventh to the eleventh century," when he died. The work is understood to be ready for publication.—J. A., D.  FANCOURT,, a dissenting minister, memorable as the inventor of circulating libraries, was born in the west of England in 1678. He was for several years pastor of a congregation in Salisbury, where he got involved in controversy, both with churchmen and dissenters, respecting the doctrines of Calvin. He removed to London, and opened the first subscription library established in the metropolis in 1740. The attempt was not successful, and the library passed into the hands of a company of proprietors, who took him into their service as librarian. He occasionally preached in vacant churches, and with the reputation of considerable eloquence. He also taught Latin, and professed to impart a perfect knowledge of that language in twelve months for twelve guineas. He published several sermons and tracts against Calvinistic doctrines, and was answered by Morgan, Millar, Bliss, Eliot, and others. He was a man of good intellect and unblemished reputation. He died in 1768.—J. L. A.  FANE,, commander-in-chief in India, was born in 1778. He was only fifteen years of age when he began his military career, in the 6th dragoons. He rose step by step in that regiment until 1805, when he was appointed lieut.-colonel of the 1st dragoon guards. Three years afterwards he rose to be brigadier-general, and was ordered to command the advanced guard under Sir Arthur Wellesley in Portugal, which he gallantly headed at Roleia and Vimeira. He afterwards commanded a brigade under Sir John Moore, and took part in most of the operations of the campaign so disastrously concluded at Corunna. Promoted to the rank of major-general in 1810, he was present with Genera! (afterwards Lord) Hill at the battle of Talavera, where he commanded with great skill and bravery a brigade of cavalry; and after a short residence in England, necessitated by the state of his health, took a distinguished part at the battles of Busaco, Vittoria, Orthes, and Toulouse. On his return to England he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 4th dragoons, made K.C.B., and appointed inspector of cavalry. He subsequently commanded the cavalry and horse artillery during the occupation of France by the allied armies. He was appointed colonel of the 1st dragoon guards in 1827, and in 1835 was despatched as commander-in-chief to India. He resigned this post on the retreat of the British forces from Cabul. Three years before his death, which occurred on the voyage to England in 1840, he was raised to the rank of general.—W. H. P. G.  FANNIUS,, surnamed , was consul in 161 ., along with Valerius Messala, and gave his name to the Fannian law, which regulated the expense of banquets. His son Caius, who was consul about forty years later, supported the aristocracy against the schemes of Gracchus. There seems to have been another of the same name, who served under Scipio, and wrote a history which has been lost: he is probably the person introduced by Cicero into several of his dialogues.—W. B.  FANSHAWE,, was born in 1625, and was the daughter of Sir John Harrison of Balls, a zealous royalist. She married Sir Richard Fanshawe in 1644, during the residence of her family with the court at Oxford, and shared with him the dangers and hardships which he underwent in the cause of Charles I. On the death of Sir Richard his widow returned to England, where she devoted her leisure to the composition of her celebrated "Memoirs," which, however, were not published until 1829. They are distinguished for their good sense, observation, and affection; and contain many curious anecdotes of the writer and her husband, and of the great personages of the times, together with most interesting details-respecting the manners and customs of the English and of several continental nations at that period.—J. T. <section end="353H" /> <section begin="353I" />FANSHAWE,, an English diplomatist and poet, was born at Warrenpark, Hertfortshire, in 1608. His education was commenced under the well-known schoolmaster, Thomas Farnaby, and in 1623 he entered Jesus college, Cambridge, whence he removed to the Inner Temple in 1626. He subsequently abandoned the study of law, and devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. He travelled for some time in France and Spain, and on his return to England was nominated secretary to the embassy at Madrid under Lord Aston. He retained that office until 1638. On the breaking out of the great civil war, he embraced the royal cause, and was employed by the king in various public matters. In 1644 he was appointed secretary of war to the prince of Wales, and four years later, was nominated treasurer to the navy under Prince Rupert. In 1650 he was sent to Madrid to entreat the assistance of Philip IV. in behalf of his sovereign. He was present in 1651 at the battle of Worcester, where he was taken prisoner, but was released on bail on account of severe illness. At the Restoration he was knighted by Charles II., and appointed master of requests and secretary of the Latin tongue; but he was grievously disappointed that the king's promise to make him secretary of state was not fulfilled. He was elected, in 1661, one of the representatives of the university of Cambridge, was sworn a privy councillor for Ireland, and shortly after was sent on an extraordinary mission to Portugal. He was deputed a second time to that country in 1662, for the purpose of negotiating a marriage between Charles II. and the Infanta Catherine of Portugal. In 1664 he was sent ambassador to Philip IV., at the request of the king of Portugal, with the view of endeavouring to bring about an accommodation between him and the Spanish court. In 1666, during the last illness of Philip IV., Sir Richard signed a treaty between England and Spain, which was disapproved of by Charles and his council, and the ambassador was in consequence recalled. Sir Richard, however, died at Madrid of fever, on the 16th of June, 1666, as he was preparing for his return to England. In the midst of his diplomatic employments Sir Richard found time to cultivate a taste for literature; but his poetical abilities did not rise above mediocrity. He published a translation of the Lusiad; of the Pastor Fido of Guarini; the fourth book of the Æneid, and the Odes of Horace; a "Short Discourse of the Long Wars of Rome;" and a translation from English into Latin verse of Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess. His correspondence was published in 1701, in one volume, octavo, under the title of "Original Letters of his Excellency Sir Richard Fanshawe during his Embassy in Spain and Portugal."—J. T. <section end="353I" /> <section begin="353Jnop" />FANT,, a Swedish historian, born at Eskilstana, 9th January, 1754. After having obtained his philosophical degree at Upsala, he was appointed amanuensis-extraordinary of the library there. Associated with Nordin, he commenced making his collections for a Swedish Corpus Historicorum et Diplomaticum. In 1781 he became professor of history, and was also appointed pastor of Alunda and Morcarla; and in 1800 he became doctor of theology. In 1816 he resigned his office of professor, and died 24th October, 1817. Fant ranks higher as a collector of material for history than as an independent investigator; and, besides his valuable collection for Swedish history, "Scriptores rerum Suecicarum medii ævi"—of which he only completed the first part in 1818, the second part being edited by Gejer and Schröder, 1828—he published "Kort utkast till Gustaf Adolf's historia," two vols., 1784-85, and many other similar works, together with upwards of three hundred disputations.—M. H. <section end="353Jnop" />