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ESC of the New Jerusalem (Revelations ch. xxii). "The stanzas," says Ticknor, "are not always without merit, though they generally have very little." Escobar's second work was a heroic poem on St. Ignatius (Loyola), published in 1613.—F. M. W.  ESCOIQUIZ,, a Spanish statesman, born in Navarre in 1762. He was one of the pages of Charles III., and was appointed by Charles IV. tutor to the prince of Asturias, afterwards Ferdinand VII. In this position he was engaged in incessant intrigues against Godoy (Prince of Peace), and took the part of his pupil against the efforts which were made to alienate his parents from him. In 1796 the tutor succumbed to the power of the favourite, and was consigned to honourable exile at Toledo. In his exile he found means to aid the prince of Asturias in his secret correspondence with Napoleon. When these intrigues came to light Escoiquiz was exiled to a convent; but the abdication of Charles IV. in 1808, in which he seems to have had no part, led to his recal by the new king, and, although the facts remain shrouded in mystery, it seems established that he was one of the advisers of Ferdinand's ill-fated journey to Bayonne. It was Escoiquiz too, who counselled the abdication of the king, and prepared the terms of the capitulation (27th April, 1808). He accompanied the king to Valençay, and signed the declaration of allegiance to Joseph I. After this he was for some time in Paris, endeavouring to forward the interests of his master; but, for some reason connected with Napoleon's policy at that moment, he was banished to Burgos, where he remained four years and a half. In 1813 he was recalled to Valençay, and took no unimportant part in the negotiations by which Ferdinand was restored in 1814. In December of the same year he found it necessary to quit the king whom he had so well served, and, though recalled, he never regained his ascendancy. He was at last banished to Ronda in Andalusia, where he died in 1820. In his retirement he devoted himself not unsuccessfully to literature. He translated Milton's Paradise Lost and Young's Night Thoughts, and left behind him several educational works. The details of the career of Escoiquiz may be found in a memoir by Bruand, prefixed to the Exposé dés Motifs, relating to the affair of Bayonne.—F. M. W.  * ESCOSURA,, a Spanish politician and author, born at Madrid, 5th November, 1807. His father was then serving in Portugal, in the army of Castaños, and his early days were passed in that country. After spending some time at Valladolid, he returned at the age of thirteen to Madrid, where he became a pupil of the celebrated Lista. In common with many youths of high promise—among them the poet Espronceda—he became mixed up with a secret society entitled the Numantinos, and at the age of seventeen was obliged to make his escape to Paris, whence he came to London. On his return to Spain in 1826, he served in the army, but continued to devote his attention both to literature and politics. He was exiled as a Carlist in 1834; but in the following year he became aid-de-camp and secretary to General Cordova, and retired from the army at the same time as that officer, in 1836. Two years afterwards he was appointed political chief of the city of Guadalaxara, which he defended in 1840 in the interest of Queen Christina. On the accession of Espartero to the regency, Escosura retired to France. In 1843 he became secretary of state in the Narvaez ministry, and on its fall in 1846, retired into private life. In 1854 he became a member of the Cortes, which were called together on Espartero's accession to power; he was one of those who proposed a resolution declaring the constitutional throne of Isabel II. one of the fundamental bases of the social edifice. He was afterwards one of the committee for remodelling the constitution, minister of the interior, and Spanish minister at Lisbon. As an author, Escosura is perhaps more distinguished than as a politician. He has written two historical romances, the "Conde de Candespina," and "Ni rey ni roque" (a phrase equivalent to "Not a Soul") and a political romance entitled "The Patriarch of the Valley," treating of the events of the recent Spanish revolutions. Of his dramas we can only give the titles:—"La corte del buen retiro;" "Barbara Blomberg;" "Don Jaime el Conquistador;" "La Aurora de Colon;" "El Higuamota;" "Las Mocedades de Hernan Córtes;" "Roger de Flor;" "Cada cosa en su tiempo;" and "El Tio Marcello." He has also written some poems, a manual of mythology, and the descriptive part of a work on "Spain, historical and monumental;" and edited more than one Spanish periodical while in Paris—F. M. W.  ESCULAPIUS, a mythological personage, who figures in the Homeric poems. He was the son of Apollo by Coronis, or as others fable by Larissa. Esculapius was physician to the Argonauts. By restoring many persons to life he incurred the resentment of Pluto, at whose request Jupiter struck him with thunder. After his death he was worshipped as a god. A temple was built to him at Rome 462.—R. M., A.  ESMARK,, a Danish geologist, born in Jylland in 1763. He studied medicine, but afterwards devoted himself to geology. He travelled much and studied in various countries; in Freiberg under the celebrated Werner, to whose system he adhered. He held government appointments in Norway, first as lector at the mining school at Kongsberg, and after 1814 as professor of mineralogy at the university of Christiania. His industry was unwearied, and his vast accumulation of facts may be found in various periodical works, as the Skandinavisk Museum, Topographisk Journal, Magazin för Naturvidenskap, &c. He died at Copenhagen, 26th January, 1839. His sons are—*, born in 1801, parish priest of Remnes, who has distinguished himself by the discovery of various new minerals—radyolit, five kinds of trilobite, thorit, edmannit, esmarkit, &c.; and also by his discovery of powder manure.— *., born in 1806, lector of zoology at the university of Christiania. He has for many years made annual journeys either in Norway or elsewhere; in 1849-50, to the countries bordering on the Mediterranean; and he also accompanied a Norwegian government expedition. By these means he has been able to form a very complete collection of Norwegian birds, reptiles, fish, and insects—many of which were hitherto unknown, and which are described by him, in Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskap, and the Forhundlingerne ved de skandinaviske naturfôrskereres mödei Christiania. Esmark has presented his collection to the museum of Christiania.—M. H.  ESMENARD,, brother of Joseph Alphonse, was born at Pelissane in 1772. Like his brother, he quitted France on the breaking out of the Revolution, and being a decided royalist, joined the emigrés and subsequently served in Spain against Murat, to whom, however, he went over as soon as victory seemed to have declared in his favour. Still his attachment to the Bourbons caused such suspicions that, although Marshal Ney confided to him an important mission, he was, on his arrival in Paris, thrown into prison, where he remained until liberated by the Bourbons in 1814. After this he entered the service of the Columbian republic, and on his return became a writer in the government journals, zealously supporting the court in whose cause he had so long suffered, until his death which took place in 1842.—J. F. C.  ESMENARD,, poet, born at Pelissane in 1769. From his early youth he evinced a decided love for travel, which, on the breaking out of the Revolution, when his native country was no longer a safe residence, he resolved to indulge. Having visited several countries he returned home in 1797, but on account of his royalist sentiments was banished by the directory. When Bonaparte sent that expedition to St. Domingo which proved so disastrous, Esmenard was taken out by General Leclerc as his private secretary. In 1805 appeared his poem "Navigation," inspired by his adventures at sea. The emperor consoled the poet for the indifference of the public by making him censor of the theatres as well as of the press, which he repaid by compositions marked by slavish adulation. Having written an attack on the Emperor Alexander at a moment when Napoleon was secretly making pacific overtures to Russia, the imprudent journalist was banished. War being resolved on, he was recalled; but as he was leaving Naples he was thrown from his carriage and killed on the 25th June, 1811.—J. F. C.  ESOP. See. <section end="301H" /> <section begin="301H" />ESPAGNAC,, Baron d', a French writer on military affairs, was born in 1713, and died in 1783. He served under Marshal Saxe, and in 1766 was put at the head of the hotel des invalides. His books on the science and operations of war, and on particular campaigns, were much valued.—R. M., A. <section end="301H" /> <section begin="301Zcontin" />ESPAGNE,, Constable of France, younger brother of Louis d'Espagne. On the accession of John II. he was made constable in room of the count de Guines, and by his chivalrous character and his devotion to the throne, gained an ascendancy at court, which provoked the jealousy of several nobles and the bitter enmity of Charles of Navarre, who had <section end="301Zcontin" />