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DUG in 1820. He graduated with honours in 1821, and in 1823 he was appointed, after a brilliant concours, to the chair of midwifery in the faculty of medicine at Montpellier. He also filled the chairs of pathological anatomy and operative surgery. During his short but brilliant career, he published many substantial works, and above forty articles in the Dictionaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques. His works are as follow—"Researches upon the Diseases of new-born Infants," Paris, 1821; "Physiologico-Pathological Essay upon the nature of Fever and Inflammation," Paris, 1823; "Manual of Obstetrics," 1826; "Discourse upon the Causes and Treatment of Rickets," 1827; "Researches upon the Osteology and Myology of the Batrachian Reptiles, at their different ages," 1834—this work obtained a prize from the Institute of France; "Treatise on Comparative Physiology," 1838, in three volumes. These works are all excellent in their way, and have given to M. Duges an imperishable name amongst the cultivators of medical and physiological science.—E. L.  DUGOMMIER,, a French general, was born at Guadaloupe in 1736. After serving many years in the colonial army, he had resigned his commission, and was living in comparative retirement on his large estates in Martinique, when the first throes of the Revolution shook the distant dependencies of the empire. He joined the popular party; and being elected to the command of the national guards in the island in 1789, he nobly sustained a long struggle against the superior forces of the royalists. On the cessation of hostilities there he crossed to France, tendered his services to the republican government, and was appointed to the army of Italy with the rank of general. His principal exploit there was the capture of Toulon from the English in 1793; Napoleon, who served under him as commandant of artillery at that time, called him "un officier de cinquante ans de service, couvert de blessures, et brave comme son epée." He subsequently commanded in the eastern Pyrenees, where, after wresting Collioure, Bellegarde, and several other places, out of the hands of the Spaniards, he was killed in attacking their entrenched camp near Figueras in 1794.—W. B.  DUGUET. See.  DUHALDE,, an eminent jesuit compiler, born at Paris on the 1st of February, 1674, was selected, on the occurrence of a vacancy, to adapt for publication the letters and reports received from the missionaries of the order in various parts of the world. Of the well-known Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses, the 9th to the 26th Recueils (inclusive) are his handiwork. Deriving his materials from the same source, he published in 4 vols. at Paris in 1735, his elaborate "Description Gêographique, Historique, &c., de la Chine," which was long the standard work of reference on the subject of the Celestial empire, and versions of which have appeared in several languages—English among the rest. Perè Duhalde is described as a mild and amiable man, as well as an industrious painstaking compiler, who bore the severe illness of his latest years with fortitude and patience. He died in 1743.—F. E.  DUHAMEL,, a distinguished French philosopher, born at Vire in Normandy in 1624, and died in 1706. He in early life displayed great aptitude for mathematical studies. At the age of eighteen he wrote a treatise on the Spherics of Theodosius, which at once gained for him a position in the scientific world. He claims a place in the annals of science, not so much from any distinct contribution to scientific discovery, as from the benefits he conferred by his rational and systematic treatment of physical science. Previous to his time there were no text-books from which the student could obtain a satisfactory knowledge of the actual state of science. Alchemy and astrology still exercised a dominion, and the general facts of science were mixed up and confounded with the wildest aberrations of the human intellect. Duhamel arose to rectify this state of things, and his first attempt was to divest astronomy of the superstitions of astrology. This he accomplished in his "Astronomica Physica." He was the first secretary of the Academy of Sciences founded in 1666. This office he held till the close of his life, and he was therefore favourably circumstanced to be the historian of the progress of science in his day. In his history of the Academy of Sciences, we have a very valuable repertory of the discussions which marked the advance of science down to the period at which he wrote. He visited various countries, and in a diplomatic capacity he resided for some time in England. He subsequently published the observations made in the course of his travels. He wrote a hand-book of modern and ancient philosophy for the use of the students of the college of Burgundy. This long retained its reputation as a standard work. He is still better known as the author of a voluminous work on speculative and practical theology, which long maintained its place in the schools. In his wide range of study physiology was embraced, and he published a work on the subject, which, though now obsolete, bears the stamp of an ingenious and scientific mind. Amongst his multitudinous labours, he was assiduous in his attendance at the academy with which his name was so many years associated; and when death came he was found in the midst of his labours, and with many new projects before him. As secretary of the academy he had a wide circle of acquaintances, by whom he was much esteemed and loved for his profound knowledge and kind conciliating spirit.—W. L. M.  DUHAMEL,, a celebrated French metallurgist, was born at Nicorps, near Coutances, in 1730, and died in 1816. After receiving a sort of irregular education he came to Paris, and entered the école des ponts et chaussées, founded by M. de Trudaine. There his rapid progress and excellent abilities attracted the notice of that gentleman, who sent him, along with M. de Jars, to study the science of mining in Saxony, Hungary, and Austria. The Voyages Métallurgiques, which bear the name of Jars, but which are the result of their common labours, showed with how much zeal and intelligence they had applied themselves to their new studies. A change in the administration of the finances having cheated Duhamel of the reward to which he was so justly entitled, he obtained a situation as manager of a large foundry. Under his skilful management the expenses of the foundry diminished to the extent of one half, at the same time that a double quantity of metal was produced. A new science was, in fact, introduced into France. In 1775 Duhamel was appointed commissaire of council for the inspection of forges and furnaces; and his valuable services in that and other capacities procured for him a place in the academy, and a chair in the school of mining established at Paris. His most important work is "Géométrie souterraine elementaire, theorique et pratiquè."—R. M., A.  DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU,, a celebrated French botanist, was born at Paris in 1700, and died in that city on the 23rd of August, 1782. He was educated in the college d'Harcourt in the first instance. Natural science became his favourite pursuit, and he studied in the garden of plants under Dufay and Bernard de Jussieu. He had a private fortune, and was enabled to devote his time and attention to botany and arboriculture, both in Paris and on his private estate. He was inspector of the navy, a member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, and a fellow of the Royal Society of London. He did his utmost to advance knowledge in relation to agriculture, commerce, and the mechanical arts. He performed many important experiments in vegetable physiology, more particularly in regard to the formation of wood. These are included in his work entitled "La Physique des Arbres." His writings are very extensive. He wrote elements of agriculture, treatises on fruit trees, on the trees and shrubs of France, on madder, on the transport of trees, on the culture of the vine, on saffron, on the preservation of seeds, and on various mechanical arts. He contributed also numerous papers to the Memoires de l'Académie des Sciences.—J. H. B.  DUIGENAN,, LL.D., was born in 1735 in the county of Leitrim in Ireland. His parents were said to be Roman catholic peasants; and that a protestant schoolmaster; and clergyman, seeing the boy's ability, educated and converted him to his own faith. He entered Trinity college as a sizar, and subsequently obtained a scholarship, and eventually became a fellow, and was called to the bar, filling afterwards the chair of civil law in the university. In 1785 he was appointed king's advocate and judge of the prerogative court, and entered the Irish parliament in 1790. From this period he took a leading part in the politics of the times, especially in the question of the repeal of the union, of which he was from the first a warm advocate, and attacked Grattan with great violence on many occasions. He was made a privy councillor, and died in 1816. Duigenan was all his life strongly opposed to the popular party in Ireland; and hence it is that the notices which we have of him coming from his enemies are unfavourable, and should be accepted with caution. True it is he was coarse in his language, <section end="186Zcontin" />