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DUB the empire. Dubois contributed several remarkable articles to the Dictionnaire des Sciences médicales.—R. M., A.  DUBOIS,, an English magazine and general writer of some ability, first appeared as an author in 1799, when he published a volume entitled "the Wreath." In 1802 he produced "Old Nick," a satirical novel in three volumes; and in the following year appeared a fine edition of the Decameron of Boccaccio in English, of which Mr. Dubois was the editor. In 1807 he brought out a new and attractive edition of Francis' Horace, and at a later period appeared "My Pocket-Book," a pungent satire on Sir John Carr, the tourist. Dubois associated with the most eminent wits and litterateurs of his time; and if his correspondence with Theodore Hook were published it would prove a rich treat to the reading public. Dubois died January 10, 1850.—W. J. F.  DUBOIS,, a French cardinal and statesman, was born on the 6th September, 1656, at Brives-la-Gaillarde, and died at Versailles on the 10th August, 1723. Born of a poor family, he came to Paris at twelve years of age, and studied at the college of Pompadour or St. Michael, at the same time that he had to support himself by acting as valet to the principal. He afterwards obtained employment as tutor in private families, and at length was recommended to M. de Saint-Laurent, governor to the young duke of Chartres, who subsequently became duke of Orleans and regent. Saint-Laurent employed him in a subordinate position in the education of the duke; but, on the death of that gentleman, Dubois was intrusted with the full charge of the royal pupil. He brought him well forward in his studies, and on this account gave great satisfaction at court. But he permitted him, and that most likely for the sake of gaining an ascendency over him, to indulge to the utmost those licentious habits into which he had so early fallen. He accompanied the duke in his campaigns in Flanders, and had gained so great an influence over him that he was employed to induce him to marry the king's natural daughter, madame de Blois. He was rewarded with the abbacy of St. Just for his success in this delicate matter. When the duke was intrusted with the regency in 1715, Dubois became councillor of state, and, two years afterwards was sent as ambassador-plenipotentiary to England, where he signed that triple alliance which, after the accession of Philip V., became the quadruple alliance. He was made minister and secretary of state for foreign affairs on his return, and, notwithstanding his notorious incapacity for so sacred an office, promoted to the archbishopric of Cambray. The year following, the scandal was aggravated by his elevation to the cardinalate. Innocent XIII. made a long but ineffectual resistance; and it is said that his forced compliance hastened his death. Cardinal Dubois was in 1722 admitted a member of the council of regency, and soon after raised to the dignity of first minister of state. This unscrupulous man, who brought disgrace upon France by fostering that shameless profligacy which characterized the Orleans administration, died in the year 1723, shortly after the French clergy had chosen him their first president.—R. M., A.  DUBOIS,, a French sculptor, born at Dijon in 1626; died in 1694. He worked especially for his native place, which still retains some of his fine productions in the churches of Notre-Dame, St. Michel, and St. Benigne. His bust of Chancellor Boucheret is particularly noted by his chroniclers as having procured him an invitation to remove to, and establish himself in the capital, which, out of love for his family and for quiet life, he prudently and modestly declined.—R. M.  DUBOIS,, a French missionary, and one of the directors of the seminary of foreign missions, was born at Saint-Remèze in 1765, and died at Paris in 1848. In 1791 he went to India as a missionary, and made Pettah, near Seringapatam, the centre of his labours. In spite of the many admirable qualities which he possessed, his thirty-two years of zealous efforts amongst the Hindoos proved utterly unfruitful. He returned to Europe, and published at London "Letters on the State of Christianity in India," in which he states that, in the actual circumstances of that country, the conversion of its inhabitants seems something like an impossibility. Dubois has also published some other books relating to India.—R. M., A.  DUBOIS, born in Burgundy, May, 1735, became professor of international law at Warsaw through the favour of Stanislaus Poniatowski; but finding himself unable to live away from Paris, he abandoned the professorship and royal favour with the less regret, as Malesherbes, afterwards renowned for his advocacy of Louis XVI., took him into his house and confided his grandson to his care. Dubois narrowly escaped the fate of the virtuous and heroic Malesherbes, with whom he was imprisoned. Napoleon appointed him prefect of the department of the Gard, a post the more grateful as it enabled him to take measures for the preservation of the Roman remains at Nismes. He died in 1808.—J. F. C.  * DUBOIS,, an eminent French journalist, born at Rennes in 1795. At an early age he was employed as a teacher of mathematics, then as professor of Greek, and afterwards of rhetoric. He was the most active of the band of clever and enthusiastic journalists who established the Globe newspaper, and as principal editor he paid the price of his hostility to the government of 1830 in fines and imprisonment. In the following year he was elected to the chamber of deputies, in which he sat till 1848. During this period, besides tilling for several sessions the post of secretary to the chamber, he took an active share in the deliberations of the council of public instruction, and occupied in succession various academic offices. He withdrew from public life in 1852.—J. S., G.  DUBOS,, born at Beauvais in 1670. Originally educated for the priesthood, he abandoned theological study for that of public law, and receiving a situation in the foreign office, was fortunate enough to attract the attention of the minister de Torcy, who employed him on various diplomatic missions. He even took part in the famous treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt. The address which he displayed recommended him to the regent duc d'Orleans, and his minister. Cardinal Dubois, who rewarded him in a way not unusual with this pair of profligates, by the bestowal of rich ecclesiastical benefices. Dubos, true to his character of sceptic and diplomatist—as understood at least by his countrymen—thought it philosophical to meet death with pointed epigrams about the few things to be regretted, and the pleasant reflection that he would be relieved from the necessity of having anything more to do. Amongst his works appeared a distinct prophecy of the revolt of the American colonies against Great Britain. Without any knowledge of painting, and without poetical genius, he yet wrote critical reflections on both arts, marked by singular discrimination; but when he turned to history, which would seem to be more in accordance with his habitual employments, he fell into absurd paradox. His attempt to prove that the Franks never had recourse to arms for the conquest of the Gauls, but entered by friendly invitation, brought on his head a critical castigation by Montesquieu. The French Academy deemed him worthy to be their secretary during his lifetime. He died in 1742.—J. F. C. <section end="177H" /> <section begin="177I" />DUBRAW,, a Bohemian historian, was born at Pilsen in the fifteenth century; died in 1553. His family name was Skale. By letters-patent of nobility, the not assuming name of Skale was changed into the acknowledged title of Dubrawski (in Latin Dubrarius). He was soon appointed assessor of the supreme council of Olmütz under the presidency of the bishop Stanislas; and in 1531 he became himself bishop of the same diocese. Both a pious clergyman and a diplomatist, he acquired a great reputation in his embassy to Silesia, where he had been sent by Ferdinand I. He finally was appointed president of the high court of justice of Smalkade in the celebrated rebellion-trial in 1542. Dubraw's principal work is a "History of Bohemia," in twenty-three books or divisions, Prostau, 1550. It is very difficult to obtain it complete. A new edition was published at Basle, 1575, in folio. He is author of various MS. works on the scriptures; "Commentarium in Psalmum v. Davidis;" "De Piscinis," &c.—Ch. T. <section end="177I" /> <section begin="177Zcontin" />DUC, (in Latin Ducæus), a French theologian, was born at Bordeaux in 1558, and died at Paris in 1624. He entered the Society of Jesus, and, after teaching in several colleges of his order, became in 1604 librarian to the college of Clermont at Paris. The elder Casaubon having inspired Henry IV. with the design of printing the manuscripts belonging to the bibliotheque royale, the French clergy intrusted the jesuits with the editing of the Greek Fathers. Fronton was the first chosen for this important task, to which he devoted all the rest of his life. He published "L'histoire tragique de la Pucelle de Domremy, autrement d'Orleans, nouvellement départie par actes, et representée par personnages, avec chœur des enfants et filles de France et un avant-jeu en vers," &c. (in this work there is <section end="177Zcontin" />