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JUL  sent an army into Africa under the consul Calpurnius; but the gold of Jugurtha was influential with Calpurnius and his lieutenant Scaurus, and the consul returned to Rome. The tribune Memmius, indignant at the corruption, desired that a new army should be sent to Africa to bring Jugurtha to Rome, and there, in the year 111 ., he appeared to make his submission. In Rome gold had its value as well as in Africa, and Bæbius, another tribune, was not insensible to its value. Memmius called on the Numidian to declare the names of the Romans who had been his accomplices, but Bæbius did not allow him to answer. At Rome Jugurtha manifested the extreme of audacity, and went so far as to procure the assassination of Massina, a grandson of Masinissa, whom he supposed to be aiming at the crown of Numidia. For this crime he was not brought to trial, but was ordered to quit Italy. On leaving Rome, Sallust says that he cried out—"Oh venal city! soon wouldst thou perish if thou couldst find a purchaser!" War was again declared, and the consul Albinus at first took the command in the year 110. He did not remain, and his lieutenant, Aulus, allowed his army to be caught in an unfavourable position and defeated. The Romans were compelled to pass under the yoke, and agreed to retire from Numidian territory. The capitulation, however, was not assented to by the senate, and Metellus hastened to retrieve the disaster. He pushed the war with vigour and brought Jugurtha to extremity, but was supplanted by Marius in 107. Jugurtha had formed alliance with Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and after some severe conflicts Marius was successful. Bocchus was captured, and as the price of his safety he betrayed Jugurtha to the Romans. Loaded with chains, the latter was reserved to grace the triumph of the conquerors. After the ceremony he was stripped by the lictors, who tore off his garments, and even his golden earrings. Five days without food in a wretched prison, he at last fell a victim, 104. His two sons were also condemned to captivity for life. In the pages of Sallust the Numidian chief has been handed down to posterity as one who inspired the Romans with apprehension, if not with terror, due probably to his Numidian tactics, which, in the recent days of Algerian conflict, were also perplexing to the modern Romans who have attempted the subjugation of the same land.—P. E. D.  JULIA, a daughter of Julius Cæsar by Cornelia, born in 82 ., was celebrated for her beauty and her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Though much younger than Pompey, she became tenderly attached to him; and as long as she lived, her virtues and amiable disposition strongly cemented the friendship of the father and son-in-law; but her sudden death in childbed, 53 ., broke off all ties between them, and a deadly struggle ensued, which resulted in the defeat of Pompey and the overthrow of the republican government.—G. BL.  JULIA, only daughter of the Emperor Augustus by his third wife Scribonia, born in 39 ., was distinguished by her personal charms and sprightly genius, as well as by her abandoned life and wretched fate. She was tenderly loved by her father, who caused her to be educated in every accomplishment, and gave her in marriage at an early age to his nephew and intended successor, Marcellus. After the premature death of the latter she became the wife of Agrippa, by whom she had five children but her gallantries and intrigues, though totally disregarded by her husband, were the scandal of Rome. When Agrippa died she married Tiberius, who was soon so disgusted with her infidelities that he retired to Rhodes. Augustus, being then for the first time informed of her profligacy, was deeply grieved, and banished her to a small island on the coast of Campania. Tiberius hypocritically pretended to take her part; but on succeeding Augustus as emperor, he stopped her small pension, and allowed her to die of starvation,. 14.—G. BL.  JULIA, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, was born . 17. Suspected of conspiracy, she was banished by her brother Caligula, but was recalled by Claudius. She was soon after banished again, at the instance of Messalina who was jealous of her beauty, and who, charging her with adultery and other crimes, at last procured her death. 41.—D. W. R.  JULIA DOMNA. See.  JULIANUS,, surnamed , the most talented prince of the house of Constantine, was the son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine, and was born in the year 331. On the death of Constantine in 337, his father and all the other members of his family, except his brother Gallus, were assassinated in a rising of the imperial troops, and he narrowly escaped the same fate. In his sixth year he was removed to Nicomedia, the chief city of Bithynia, where he had possessions inherited from his mother; and here his education commenced under the care of the imperial chamberlain Eutherius, and the eunuch Mardonius, by whom he was introduced to the study of the ancient Greek authors. Having been invited by the Emperor Constantius to return to Constantinople, he enjoyed there the instructions of Nikokles in Greek literature, and of Ekebolius in rhetoric; and before he was fourteen he had already excited so much public admiration by his talents and attainments that the emperor deemed it expedient to remove his residence to Cæsarea in Cappadocia, where he resided for six years with his brother Gallus in the imperial castle of Makella. Here great attention was paid to his christian instruction; and as he was destined for high office in the church, much of his time was occupied in the study of the scriptures and in exercises of devotion. For a short time he had even the character of being a zealous christian, and this reputation procured him the emperor's permission to return to Constantinople in 351. Being now free from the control of tutors and governors, and at liberty to indulge his own inclinations and tastes, these soon manifested themselves strongly in the direction of heathen literature, and impelled him after a short stay at court to return to Nicomedia, and to give himself up wholly to that pursuit. For some time the writings of Libanius, a celebrated heathen rhetorician of the day, were his favourite study, and awakened in him sympathies with the school of the New Platonists. The philosophers of that school abounded in the chief cities of Asia Minor; he sought their society, and imbibed their spirit and views. Maximus of Ephesus especially made a deep impression upon him by his teaching and pretended magical powers, and it was he who completed his conversion to the philosophy and mythology of new-platonism. The truth is, he had been ill instructed in the true nature of christianity. The dogmatical controversies of the church in regard to the person of Christ had a bad influence upon him; and the violence with which the contending parties persecuted each other when they were alternately in the ascendant, disgusted a mind which was more at home in the tolerant element of Greek beauty and sentimental speculation, than in the severe and earnest region of dogmatic truth and polemical debate. He had all the enthusiasm of a new convert, but for several years considerations of prudence obliged him to conceal his conversion from all but a few intimate friends, and to conform to the established religion of the empire. He had many enemies at court, who omitted no opportunity of bringing him into discredit with the emperor; and in 354 he was seized and thrown into prison in Nicomedia, and even carried in chains to the emperor in Milan, under an accusation of political misconduct, which was false and groundless. After being a prisoner for nearly seven months, he was released by the intercession of the Empress Eusebia, and left Milan for Athens, where he spent the summer and autumn of 355 in the congenial society of the philosophers, priests, and hierophants who still crowded the ancient capital of Greek religion and philosophy. He was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries; and had already inspired the heathen party of Athens with the liveliest hopes of what he might yet be able to effect for the old religion, when these hopes received an unexpected sanction from the proceedings of the emperor at the close of that year. Constantius had resolved to confer upon him the command of the army of the Rhine, and to intrust him with the defence of the western half of the empire; and summoning him to Milan he raised him to the dignity of Cæsarship, and gave him in marriage his own sister Helena. His command and administration in Gaul were eminently successful; he became at once the idol of the army by his soldierly qualities and habits, and the favourite of the province by the justice and usefulness of his rule. He remained there for five years; concealing all that time the fact that he was no longer a christian, though he occasionally practised along with one or two intimate friends the rites of heathen worship. A premature disclosure of his apostasy would no doubt have proved fatal to his hopes of empire; and these were now rapidly approaching fulfilment. In 361 the emperor, jealous of his designs, sent an order of recall to the best of his troops, under pretence of employing them in a war with the Persians; but the army of the Rhine refused compliance with the order, and proclaimed 