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JOY JOYCE,, remembered chiefly as the author of the well-known "Scientific Dialogues" which bear his name, was born in 1764. He is said to have been a self-taught man, and in early life to have worked as a glazier. The proceeds of a small copyhold left him by his father enabled him later to procure the necessary education, and he became a dissenting minister. It was probably in this capacity, and from the zeal with which he asserted the principles of advanced liberalism, that he attracted the notice of Lord Stanhope, then an ardent champion of popular rights. In 1794 he was arrested with Horne Tooke, Hardy, and Thelwall, on a charge of high treason. It is said that the arrest was hastened by a laconic note from Joyce to Tooke, "Shall you be ready by Wednesday?" which related to a literary work on the verge of publication, but which was supposed by the authorities to indicate the date of an intended revolutionary movement. The arrests were made on the Tuesday. After the acquittal of his friends, Joyce was released without being brought to trial; and on his return to Chevening, Lord Stanhope gave a splendid entertainment in honour of the event. On leaving Lord Stanhope's family, he settled in London as an author by profession. He was employed as a coadjutor of Dr. Gregory in the preparation of the latter's Cyclopædia, The work was very successful, and a body of London booksellers engaged Joyce to edit, single-handed, a new work on the plan of Gregory's, and which was published under the name of William Nicholson. Both works were completed in the brief period of thirty months, and Joyce's industry entailed upon him a severe attack of disease, from which he never recovered. Soon afterwards appeared his very successful and popular "Elements of Arithmetic," which went through repeated editions of ten thousand each. It was followed by the best-known of his works, the "Scientific Dialogues" (the predecessor of Mrs. Marcet's Popular Conversations on Science); long a standard book, and which, with the corrections and additions rendered necessary by the lapse of time, still holds its ground. Among his other works may be mentioned his "Dialogues on Chemistry" and on the "Microscope," and his "Letters on Natural Philosophy." He contributed for many years a meteorological summary to the Monthly Magazine, the number of which for July, 1816, contains a brief memoir of him.—F. E.  JOYNER,, alias , was born at Oxford in April, 1622, and was educated there at Magdalen college. He obtained a fellowship, but having become a Roman catholic he resigned it in 1644. His attachment to the royal cause led him to serve in Ireland for a time with the earl of Glamorgan, a nobleman with whom he afterwards travelled abroad. His fellowship was restored to him in 1687, but he was expelled from it the year following. He was the author of a comedy entitled "The Roman Empress;" of some observations on the life of Cardinal Pole; and of a number of Latin and English poems. He died at Ickford in Buckinghamshire, where he spent many years in retirement and poverty, in September, 1706.—D. W. R.  JOZE,, a Portuguese satirical dramatist, author of many pieces, of which the most celebrated are founded on the stories of Don Quixote, Medea, Esop, &c. Having incurred the anger of some powerful persons, he was burnt alive as a Jew by order of the inquisition in 1745.—F. M. W.  JUAN Y SANTACILIA,, a Spanish naval officer, was born at Novelda in the province of Valencia, on the 5th of January, 1713, and died at Madrid on the 21st of June, 1773. He was a member of the joint French and Spanish expedition which went to Peru in 1735 to measure an arc of the meridian, for the purpose of determining the figure of the earth (see also ). An account of the expedition, by Don Jorge and his Spanish colleague, Don Antonio de Ulloa, was published at Madrid in 1748. Don Jorge was also the author of a work on navigation, seamanship, and naval architecture—"Examen Maritimo," Madrid, 1771—which is still held to be of high authority, setting aside an error which pervades it as to the relation between a velocity and the pressure required in order to produce it by acting through a given space.—W. J. M. R.  JUANES or JOANES,, was born at Fuente la Higuera in Valencia in 1523, and therefore could not possibly have been the pupil of Raphael, as stated by Palomino; he, however, studied in Italy, and chiefly at Rome. He was the head of the school of Valencia, and is sometimes termed the Spanish Raphael. His subjects are exclusively religious, and he was of a pious disposition: he is said to have invariably taken the sacrament before he commenced an altar-piece. His chief works are at Valencia, but there are many in the museum of the Prado at Madrid. Juanes died December 21st, 1579, at Bocairente while engaged on an altar-piece there, but his body was in 1581 removed to Valencia and buried in the church of Santa Cruz. His son,, was a respectable painter, and two daughters also distinguished themselves in the art.—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario, &c.)—R. N. W.  JUBA I., King of Numidia, and a descendant of Masinissa, succeeded his father Hiempsal about the year 50. He favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar, and marching to the succour of Varus who was besieged in Utica, he relieved him by defeating Curio, one of Cæsar's lieutenants. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar himself passed over into Africa to crush the remaining adherents of Pompey, and Juba hastened to join Scipio at the head of a large army. In the battle which followed Cæsar was victorious, and the Numidian prince fled to his own country, where the inhabitants of Zama shut their gates against him. Finding that all was lost, he caused himself to be killed by one of his slaves, or according to others by his friend Petreius, 42. Cæsar reduced his kingdom to a Roman province, of which the historian Sallust was the first governor.—G. BL.  JUBA II., King of Mauritania and Gætulia, was the son of the preceding; and being very young at the death of his father, was carried by Julius Cæsar to Rome to adorn his triumph. The dictator requited him for this humiliation by giving him an education worthy of his rank, in consequence of which the young prince, endowed with amiable dispositions and excellent natural parts, became a distinguished author and one of the most learned men of his time. He attached himself strongly to Augustus, under whose standard he fought during the wars of the triumvirate; and the emperor rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony, and conferring on him, with the title of king, the two Mauritanias and part of Gætulia. After some wars with the neighbouring tribes in which Augustus assisted him, he obtained peaceable possession of his dominions about 30 .; and by his mild and enlightened government he soon gained the devoted affection of his subjects, who almost honoured him as a god. He wrote a history of Arabia; of Assyrian and Roman antiquities; of painting and painters; of theatres; dissertations on the corruption of language; on the source of the Nile; on the nature and properties of different animals; and on the plant Euphorbia. He died in the reign of Tiberius, about 23 or 24. Only a few fragments of his works are preserved by Pliny, Athenæus, and other writers, who speak of the royal author in very high terms.—G. BL.  JUBÉ,, a French military historian, was born near Montlhery in 1765. In 1786 he obtained an appointment in the administration of the marine, and was gradually promoted, till in 1794 he was named inspector-general of the coasts. In 1796 he entered the army, obtaining the rank of adjutant-general. His abilities were recognized by Bonaparte, for whom he organized the consular guard. For many years he was a member of the tribunate, and was prefect first of La Doire in Piedmont, and afterwards of the Gers. His principal works are—"Histoire des guerres des Gaulois et des Français en Italie, depuis Bellovése jusqu'à la mort de Louis XII.," 1805; "Les fastes militaires de la France depuis le règne de Louis XIV. jusqu'à nos jours," 1819; "Histoire générale militaire des guerres de la France, depuis le commencement du règne de Louis XIV. jusqu'à l'année, 1815." He died 1st July, 1824.—D. W. R. <section end="1153H" /> <section begin="1153Zcontin" />JUDA,, the intimate friend and coadjutor of Zwingle, was born at Rapperschwyl in Alsace in 1482, and was educated in the excellent school of Schlettstadt, where Crato was his teacher, and at the university of Basle, where he first became acquainted with Zwingle, and enjoyed along with him the instructions of the evangelically-minded Thomas Wyttenbach. He remained in Basle till 1512, where he filled the office of deacon for some time in the church of St. Theodore; and from thence he removed at the request of Zwingle, first to Einsiedeln, and afterwards to Zurich, where he was chosen preacher at St. Peter's. In that position he was able, by his learning and indefatigable industry, to render valuable aid to the reformer, to whom he was as affectionately attached as Melancthon was to Luther, and whose relation to him has sometimes been compared to that which so closely and beneficially connected the two chief reformers of Saxony. But in genius and learning he was far inferior <section end="1153Zcontin" />