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JOU served on its council, and has received one of the royal medals. He received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from the university of Dublin, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association there in 1857. He is an honorary or corresponding member of various other scientific bodies at home and abroad.—R.  * JOURDAIN, , the son of Amable Jourdain, also an eminent philologist, was born at Paris in 1817. After holding professorships of philosophy at several colleges, he obtained an official situation in the French ministry of public instruction. He has published treatises on the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas and of Gerson; has edited the philosophical writings of Antoine Arnauld and of Nicole; and has written largely on kindred topics in various French periodicals.—W. J. P.  JOURDAN,, Marshal of France, and one of the generals of the Revolution, was the son of a surgeon at Limoges. He was born in 1762, and was educated by one of his uncles, a curé, who kept an academy at Aix. On the death of his father in 1777 he was taken into the warehouse of another uncle, but soon enlisted in a regiment which was destined for America as part of the expeditionary army of Count d'Estaing. After serving six years in the New World, he obtained his discharge on account of ill health, and returned to France, where he married the sister-in-law of a respectable mercer in his native town, and commenced the same business on his own account. In 1791 he was made a lieutenant in the local corps of national guards, and in the following year was elected to the command of a battalion of volunteers, who joined the army of the North. In this capacity he distinguished himself so much in several actions under Dumourier, Dampierre, and Custines, that his promotion was exceedingly rapid, and in 1793 he obtained the rank of general of division. A masterly movement which he made at the battle of Hondschoote chiefly contributed to the victory obtained by Houchard, and when the latter was guillotined by the republican tyrants at Paris for not sufficiently improving his advantages, Jourdan was appointed to succeed him in the chief command. He then defeated the Austrians at Wattignies, and accomplished the principal object of the campaign by compelling the prince of Coburg to raise the siege of Maubeuge. In 1794 he received the command of the army of the Moselle, and after being compelled in his turn to raise the siege of Charleroi, he obtained a considerable advantage over the Austrians at the battle of Fleurus, and a decisive victory at Aldenhoven, which gave him possession of Juliers, Cologne, Bonn, Coblentz, and Maestricht. This was the culminating point in Jourdan's career. His army, neglected by the authorities at Paris, rapidly diminished in numbers, and after being beaten by the Archduke Charles in September, 1796, he resigned the command in disgust. He then retired to Limoges, and in the following year was elected by his fellow-townsmen a member of the council of Five Hundred. In 1799 he resigned the presidency of that body to assume the command of the army of the Danube; but being again beaten by Prince Charles at Stockach, he relinquished the command to Massena. Re-elected to the council of Five Hundred, he took a prominent part in opposing the ambitious designs of the first consul. This was followed by a reconciliation, apparently cordial on both sides, and in 1800 Jourdan was appointed inspector-general of the forces and governor-general of Piedmont. In 1802 he was named a councillor of state, and in 1804 was created a marshal of France, and grand cross of the legion of honour. He received also the command of the forces in Lombardy, but when war broke out with Austria in 1805, Bonaparte, who had a poor opinion of Jourdan's military talents, superseded him in this command by Massena. In 1806 he became governor of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte, who had a great respect for him; and when that prince was made king of Spain, Jourdan accompanied him to Madrid as major-general of his armies. His authority, unsupported by Napoleon, was disregarded by Soult and the other French generals, and after a succession of misfortunes, terminating in the disastrous affair of Vittoria, Jourdan returned to France with a heart completely ulcerated by a sense of neglect. In 1814 he gave in his adhesion to Louis XVIII., who made him a count; and though afterwards compelled to accept a nominal command from Napoleon during the Hundred Days, his age excused him from being present at the battle of Waterloo. At the second restoration he again recognized the royal authority, and was made a peer of France in 1819. After the revolution of 1830 he held for a short time the position of minister for foreign affairs, and was then made governor of the Invalides, an office which he retained till his death in 1833.—G. BL.  JOUSSE,, a French lawyer and author, born at Orleans, 10th February, 1704; died, 21st August, 1781. He held a small office in the provincial administration, and devoted his time to the composition of works that are still consulted. He left a "Detailed History of the Town of Orleans;" a "Commentary on ecclesiastical jurisdiction;" and various commentaries on special laws and ordinances relating to criminal law, civil law, commercial law, woods, forests, parish law, and the jurisdiction of the treasurers of France. Some of his works have gone through several editions.—P. E. D.  JOUVANCY,, a celebrated French jesuit, was born at Paris in 1643, and at the age of sixteen entered the society. For some years he taught rhetoric at various places with much success. In 1699 he was called by his superiors to Rome that he might carry on the History of the Jesuits, which had been begun by Orlandini; of this he wrote the fifth part, extending from 1591 to 1616. The work has become scarce in consequence of having been suppressed by edicts of the parliament of Paris of 22nd February and 24th March, 1713. His knowledge of the ancients was extensive, and his style is generally admired. Editions of various of the Latin poets were published by him with the obscene passages left out, and with excellent notes; also a "Mythology;" two volumes of Latin speeches, a tract, "De ratione discendi et docendi;" and a translation into Latin of the first Philippic of Demosthenes.—D. W. R.  JOUVENET,, one of the most distinguished of the French painters, was born at Rouen in 1644 of a family originally Italian. He learnt painting under his father Laurent Jouvenet, whose father, Noel, was the master of Nicolas Poussin. Jean settled in Paris in 1661, and became an imitator of the style of Poussin, and while still quite young was employed by the celebrated Le Brun as an assistant in his extensive works at Versailles. He executed an altar-piece for the cathedral of Notre Dame in 1668, and painted the so-called "May Picture," in 1673, presented every May by the goldsmiths of Paris, and dedicated to the Virgin in Notre Dame. In 1675 he was elected a member of the French Academy, of which he became professor of painting in 1681. Four of Jouvenet's works now in the Louvre, were executed in tapestry at the Gobelins by order of Louis XIV., who presented the tapestries to the Czar Peter the Great. Jouvenet's works are numerous, but in 1713 his right hand was attacked with paralysis, and from this time he painted with his left hand, an effort he was driven to through having several unfinished works on hand at the time; and the first performance of any consequence of this kind was the painting of the "Triumph of Justice" for the ceiling of the parliament chamber of Rouen, which was executed entirely with his left hand. His last work was the "Magnificat," or Visitation of the Virgin, for the choir of Notre Dame, also painted with the left hand, but Jouvenet never saw it in its place; he died at Paris, April 5th, 1717, then holding the office of rector of the Academy, a post he had held since 1707. Jouvenet painted in oil and in fresco; the twelve apostles in fresco in the dome of the Invalides are by him. Jouvenet belongs to the able academic painters of the eighteenth century, whose works are for the most part entirely devoid of sentiment; the effect of the subject is lost in the obtrusiveness of the means employed to represent it. There are ten large pictures by him in the Louvre, all of religious subjects. One, "The Descent from the Cross" painted in 1697, has a place of honour in the Salon Carré, in the centre of the west wall. It is dramatic in composition and generally effective in colour in spite of a prevailing brown, but fails to attract by any higher qualities. Yet Jouvenet on the whole must be considered a superior painter to Le Brun, while he was in dignity and character much behind Le Sueur. Neither Jouvenet nor Le Sueur ever visited Italy, of which the French make a great boast. Most of Jouvenet's works have been engraved by some of the best engravers of France.—(Mémoires Inedits des Membres de l'Académie Royal de Peinture, &c., 1854.)—R. N. W.  JOUY,, chiefly notable for having made to modern French literature contributions somewhat in the style of our own Tatlers and Spectators, was born at Jouy, near Versailles, in 1769, according to one account, but more probably in 1764. His father was engaged in trade, and he was sent to the college of Versailles. In consequence of a 