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JON scriptural works; and Mr. N. Humphry's splendid volume, the Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages, for which he made the drawings on the stones. His latest and most important publication in this line is his "Grammar of Ornament," fol., 1856. When Paxton's design was adopted for the Great Exhibition building of 1851, Mr. Jones was appointed superintendent of the works, and in that capacity, in addition to what is immediately implied in the title, he was intrusted with the colouring of the building and the artistic grouping of the principal contents. His system of colour, that of the arrangement of the primaries according to specific proportions, gave rise, it will be remembered, to considerable discussion; and when the building was reconstructed at Sydenham, Mr. Jones being then appointed director of the decorations, he very considerably and advantageously modified his system. For the Sydenham Crystal P alace Mr. Jones, in company with Mr.. D. Wyatt, visited the principal cities of the continent, in order to procure casts from the most famous works of art, and on his return he superintended the erection of the Greek, Roman, Alhambra, Egyptian, and other of the fine-art courts. Mr. Jones had been writing and lecturing on polychromy, and he here found an opportunity of putting his theories in practice. Nothing could in its way well exceed his restoration of the decorations of the Alhambra; but with Greek sculpture he was less successful, his colouring of the Elgin frieze being as universally condemned as that of the Alhambra court was admired. During the last four or five years Mr. Jones has been engaged more directly as an architect. He has erected in St. James' hall the most splendid and commodious, and in its decorations the most novel music hall, in the metropolis. Another of his buildings is the bazaar called the London Crystal Palace, in Oxford Street, to which he has imparted considerable novelty of effect by making the light pass through a sky-light of coloured glass arranged in a sort of Saracenic framework.—J. T—e.  JONES,, was the name assumed by John Paul, a bold naval adventurer of last century, and rear-admiral in the Russian service. He was born on the 6th of July, 1747, at Arbigland in the parish of Kirkbean and stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The residence of his father (gardener to Mr. Craik of Arbigland) was on the shore of the Solway, and the lad contracted early a familiarity with the sea. Bound apprentice at the age of twelve to a Whitehaven merchant in the American trade, he became in time the mate of a vessel in the West India trade, and seems to have amassed some money. It was about 1773 that, but for what reason does not appear, he assumed the name of Jones, and in that year he had settled in Virginia, where an elder brother had left him some landed property. On the declaration of independence by the American colonies he entered the naval service of the infant republic, a member of its marine committee being a warm friend of his. His commission was dated the 10th of May, 1775. Beginning as first lieutenant of the Alfred, he was appointed in the following year captain of the Providence; and cruising in the West Indian waters, he made numerous captures of English merchant vessels. In the May of 1777 he was despatched by congress to Paris, carrying orders to Franklin and the other United States commissioners there, to give him a "fine ship." They procured for him the Ranger, as commander of which he sailed from Brest in the April of 1778 on a cruise, in the course of which he effected a night-landing at Whitehaven, where he burnt some shipping; and making a descent on St. Mary's Isle, he plundered the house of the earl of Selkirk; it was with two hundred prisoners that he returned to Brest. In the autumn of the following year he sailed again for the coast of Britain with the Bonhomme Richard and a few small vessels. He entered the frith of Forth and menaced Leith, but was driven back by a contrary gale. It was in this cruise, and on the 23rd of September, that off Flamborough Head the Bonhomme Richard engaged the Serapis British frigate, and captured her after a battle which lasted from seven in the evening till half-past ten. He returned to France to be lionized and fêted at Paris, and to receive a gold sword from Louis XVI. In 1781 he proceeded to Philadelphia with the title of Commodore, received the thanks of congress, and sailed till the peace with the French fleet then cruising in the American waters. Towards the close of 1783 he was appointed agent for all prizes taken in Europe under his command; and returning to France spent the next three years in Paris, where he made a considerable figure. Returning to America for the last time in 1787 he received a gold medal from congress, which sent him back to Paris with a recommendatory letter to the king. Jefferson had spoken of him to the Russian ambassador at Paris, and he proceeded to St. Petersburg in 1788, where he was cordially received by the Empress Catherine, and lionized in the Russian metropolis. He was made a rear-admiral; and Russia being then at war with Turkey, Potemkin gave him the command of the naval force stationed on the Liman, at the embouchure of the Dnieper, to act against the capitan pacha until Oczakow should fall. He quarrelled with his fellow-commander, the prince of Nassau-Siegen, and returned to St. Petersburg eight months after he had left it. He fell into disgrace with the empress, and was virtually ordered out of Russia. Returning to Paris he spent his last years in dejection and ill health, dying of dropsy on the 18th of July, 1792. The French national assembly sent a deputation to attend his funeral. Cooper's Pilot is founded on his career, and he is the hero of a romance by Allan Cunningham. The best biography of him is that contained in the Memoirs of Rear-admiral Paul Jones, now first compiled from his original journals and correspondence, Edinburgh, 1825. He is described as having been in person "a short, thick, little fellow, about five feet eight in height, of a dark, swarthy complexion." The extracts from his letters, &c., published in the work referred to, give the impression of a fiery sailor, prompt to take offence, and whose real courage was marred by a boastfulness seldom its concomitant.—F. E.  JONES,, a Welsh poet of the eighteenth century, was born in 1713 at Blaenau, Merionethshire, where he resided till his death in 1801. He was educated at Dolgellen and Shrewsbury, and varied the tranquil occupations of his subsequent life by making a selection of Welsh poetry of various ages, which he published in a quarto volume in 1770, under the title of "Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru." A volume of his own poetry was published by his grandson in 1818.—R. H.  JONES,, one of the first Welshmen who helped his countrymen generally to a knowledge of the Bible, by publishing in his native language a work, entitled "Gemma Cambricum, seu Mnemonica Biblorum," 1655, containing in brief all the books and chapters of holy writ. Born in 1603 at Henllan, Denbighshire, he was entered in 1621 at Jesus college, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts. His death took place in Ireland, but when is not known.—R. H.  JONES,, a laborious compiler and editor, was born in London in 1763, and was educated at St. Paul's school. He is best known by his enlarged edition of Baker and Reed's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, which was severely criticized in the Quarterly Review, and defended in a pamphlet by Jones himself, entitled "Hypercriticism Exposed," 1812. He was originally by trade a printer; but in 1797 he was made editor of the Whitehall Evening Post, and subsequently editor of the General Evening Post. He died in 1827.—R. H.  JONES,, chief-justice of the common pleas under James II., was the author of the law reports of the courts of king's bench and common pleas, 19 Car. II. to I Jac. II. He was appointed to supersede Chief-justice Pemberton at the time of the trials of Russell and Sydney. The compliant servility implied in this appointment would not go far, however; for when the king sought to exercise his dispensing power in defiance of an act of parliament, Jones was dismissed from the bench for refusing to obey his majesty. See Macaulay's England, ii. 82, for Jones' reply to King James' threat of loss of place. In 1717 was published a work written by Sir Thomas Jones, entitled "The Rise, &c., of the Society of Ancient Britons," 8vo.—R. H.  JONES,, an English optician, was born on the 24th of June, 1775, and died on the 29th of July, 1852. He was a pupil of Ramsden, and obtained a high reputation for skill in making astronomical instruments of great size and accuracy; many of the great meridional and equatorial instruments now in use in the principal observatories of Britain and the British colonies having been his work.—W. J. M. R  * JONES,, physiologist and comparative anatomist, born about 1810. He received a medical education, but soon relinquished the practice of his profession in order to devote himself to the study of comparative anatomy. In this he made such progress that on the establishment of King's college, London, he was appointed professor of comparative anatomy. In 1838 he published his "General Outline of the Animal Kingdom," the work by which he is best known. In 1840 he was appointed <section end="1140Zcontin" />