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JOA Marguerite of Valois, and she repaired to Blois there to meet Catherine de Medicis and Charles IX., who on their side came also to Blois, August, 1571. After a life of trouble and anxiety, but not undistinguished by heroism, she departed on the 9th June, 1572. A report ran that she was poisoned by means of a pair of gloves, but no proof was established. Joan cultivated literature, and wrote both prose and verse.—P. E. D.  JOANES. See.  JOAO. See.  JOBERT,, a French jesuit, eminent as a numismatist, was born at Paris in 1637, and died in 1719. He at first taught polite literature in his own order, and afterwards became one of the most celebrated preachers in Paris. He devoted his leisure to the study of medals, and wrote a work, "La Science des Medailles," Paris, 1692, which was translated into Latin and the principal European languages.—G. BL.  JOCHANAN, a Jewish rabbi, whose personal history seems to belong rather to the domain of fable than to that of biography, was the author (or rather compiler) of the so-called Talmud of Jerusalem. He was born about 185, and died in 279. He collected together all accessible comments and illustrations of the Mishna, added others of his own, and thus formed a very elaborate commentary and companion to that work. He gave to his production the title of "Gemara," signifying supplement or completion. Hebraists and Orientalists aver that this commentary is written in a Chaldean style far less pure than that of the original work; but it is preferred to the Talmud known as that of Babylon, as being less depraved and deformed by conceits and obscurities. The complete work was printed at Venice in 1523, by Bamberg; subsequent editions appearing at Cracow in 1609, at Dessau in 1743, and at Berlin in 1757.—W. J. P.  JOCONDUS or JUCUNDUS,, the Latinized form of the name of Giovanni Giocondo, a learned dominican monk and architect of the fifteenth century. Of the exact period of his birth there is some doubt. Vasari, in his life of Fra Giocondo, says that he was born in 1443; yet in his life of Raphael he says that Giocondo died at the age of sixty-eight in 1537. But Vasari was always reckless as to dates, and that Giocondo was born at least as early as 1443 may be assumed from the statement of Raphael, who was associated with him as architect of St. Peter's, that in 1514 he was "above eighty years old;" for though Raphael might easily have made a mistake of nine or ten years in an old man's age, he could hardly have been mistaken the extent of five-and-thirty years. Giovanni Giocondo was educated at Rome; became deeply learned in Greek, then an unusual accomplishment; and in this language was the instructor of Julius Cæsar Scaliger, who speaks of him as a prodigy of learning. He also became well versed in theology, and assumed the habit of a dominican. Whilst at Rome he studied the antiquities of that city, and made himself a skilful architect and designer. Among other things he decorated several churches (of which Vasari gives a list) with perspective views in in-laid wood-work (tarsiatura). He was for some time in the service of the Emperor Maximilian, who employed him to restore the Roman bridge Delia Pietra at Verona; in which city he also built part if not the whole of the famous palace Del Consiglio, the campanile of Sta. Maria-in-Organo, and two of the city gates. In 1499 he was invited by Louis XII. to Paris, where during the next eight years he constructed the bridges of Notre Dame and St. Michel. Giocondo had become especially famous for what would now be regarded as the work of the civil engineer; accordingly when the council of Venice sought to avert the ruin which threatened the city by the filling up of the lagunes, Giocondo was one of those to whom they applied to furnish plans. Giocondo's scheme, which was that approved of, was to divert the greater part of the waters of the river Brenta towards Chioggia. It was a work of vast labour, but proved thoroughly successful, and the architect was said to have earned the title of the second founder of Venice. But when in 1513 it was desired to rebuild the bridge of the Rialto, and the neighbouring quarter of the city which had been destroyed by fire, the council rejected the magnificent design prepared by Giocondo in favour of the less costly plan of an obscure architect, and Giocondo left the city in disgust, and could not be induced to return to it. Proceeding to Rome he was, on the death of Bramante in 1514, appointed architect of St. Peter's conjointly with Sangallo and the painter Raphael. But Giocondo was now an old man, and his share seems to have been confined to the foundations of the building, which he judiciously caused to be extended far beyond those constructed by Bramante, and very greatly strengthened. How long he lived in Rome is not certainly known. Recent Italian writers place his death at about 1530. Giocondo was almost as distinguished in his day for his learning as his architectural ability. He copied above two thousand ancient inscriptions which he found in various parts of Italy, and presented them to Lorenzo de' Medici. Whilst at Paris he discovered a considerable number of the lost epistles of Pliny, which were published by Aldus Manutius in 1508. He also edited, chiefly for the press of Manutius and in some instances for the first time, several other classic works, including the De Rusticis of Cato, Cæsar's Commentaries, and the remains of Frontinus, Aurelius Victor, and Vitruvius, to which last he wrote a commentary and supplied lost passages, but his emendations are not considered of much value.—J. T—e.  JODE,, the Elder, a celebrated Flemish engraver, born at Antwerp in 1570, was the son of Gerard de Jode, also an engraver, born in 1541; died in 1591. Besides the instruction he received from his father he studied under Golzius, and went to Italy and France, where he drew and engraved from the works of the great masters. He returned to Antwerp in 1601, and died there in 1634. His best prints are a "Virgin and Child," and other plates after Titian; he also engraved the "Last Judgment" by Cousin in twelve sheets, forming one of the largest prints extant; a "Life of Christ" in thirty-six plates; and a "Life of St. Catherine" in twelve plates.—J. T—e.  JODE,, the Younger, son of the above, was born at Antwerp in 1606, and learnt engraving of his father, whom he is considered to have surpassed in heads and the nude. His best plates are the "Graces" and the "Visitation of the Virgin," after Rubens; and his portraits, after Vandyck, which are very numerous. The year of his death is uncertain; his latest known print is dated 1659.—His son,, born at Antwerp in 1636, was also an engraver, but of very inferior merit to his father and grandfather. He was in England in 1666-67, and appears to have then engraved Correggio's Mercury instructing Cupid, now in the National Gallery. The date of his death is not recorded.—J. T—e. <section end="1120H" /> <section begin="1120I" />JODELLE,, born at Paris in 1532, was one of the earliest French dramatic poets. His tragedy of "Cleopatra" was performed with great applause before Henry II., and was enthusiastically praised by Ronsard. The praise was overstrained and the tragedy is forgotten; but the lyric poetry of Jodelle's choruses has been favourably noticed by Sainte-Beuve, who speaks of him as "a scholar, young, studious, and enthusiastic." He wrote with great facility, but lived a wild and careless life, and in 1573 died at the Hôtel Dieu. His Latin poetry has been warmly commended. Collected works, 1574.—W. J. P. <section end="1120I" /> <section begin="1120J" />JOECHER,, an eminent German litterateur, was born at Leipsic on the 20th July, 1694, and began the study of medicine in his native town, but by degrees turned to that of theology and literary history. He soon became such a proficient in rhetoric, that for a long time he used to be employed in delivering funeral orations, which were printed at the cost of the heirs; upwards of a hundred were published by him in this way. At the same time he studied Leibnitz and Wolff, of the system of which latter he became a most zealous advocate and propagator. His father, a merchant, leaving him no other heritage but an honest name, he had to resort to private teaching and his pen for subsistence. He was therefore glad to be admitted by Rabener as sub-editor of the Acta Eruditorum, which he continued till 1739. In 1730 he obtained the chair of philosophy, to which in 1732 was added that of history. In 1742 he was besides appointed principal librarian to the university. His opus magnum is his "Allgemeines Gelehrtenlexicon," 4 vols., 1750-51, which occupied him for fifteen years. It was at once hailed as a great desideratum, and established its author's fame. Several supplements to it have been published from time to time by F. T. G. Dunckel, Adelung, Rotermund, and others. Jöecher's other works, consisting chiefly of Latin treatises, are of no importance, and have been consigned to oblivion. He died at Leipsic on the 10th May, 1758.—(See Ernesti, Memoria C. G. Jöcheri in his Opuscula Oratoria.)—K. E. <section end="1120J" /> <section begin="1120Zcontin" />JOHANNEAU,, a French author and antiquary, born on 2nd October, 1770; died at Paris on 25th July, 1851. He was one of the founders of the Academie Celtique, of which he became perpetual secretary. In 1811 he was appointed imperial <section end="1120Zcontin" />