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JAU entitled "Lexicon Medicum Universale," which was to have been printed at Amsterdam; but the manuscript was lost in the ship which conveyed it to the coast of Holland, and he never afterwards seems to have undertaken any literary enterprize on a great scale. In 1756 Jaucourt was admitted a member of the Royal Society of London, he having belonged previously to those of Berlin and Stockholm. In the end of 1778 he felt that old age had begun to unfit him for literary toil. He retired to Compiègne, and died there on 3rd February, 1779.—G. B—y.  JAUFFRET,, a French prelate, born 13th December, 1759; died at Paris, 13th May, 1823. In 1791 he established the "Annales de la Religion et du Sentiment." Under the empire he took part in the establishment of seminaries and of various religious institutions. In 1811 he was appointed archbishop of Aix, being at the same time bishop of Metz. He left a large number of publications directed against the atheism of France.—P. E. D.  JAUFFRET,, brother of Gaspard, a French author, born on 4th October, 1770; died about 1850. He was secretary of the academy of Marseilles, and wrote books on, and for children, which comprise some excellent tables.  JAUREGUI Y AGUILAR,, a Spanish poet, born at Seville about 1570; died at Madrid in 1650. Of his life we only know that he was of a distinguished Biscayan family; that he went to Rome before 1607, where he devoted himself to painting; that he returned to Madrid before 1613, where he was probably acquainted with Cervantes, Lope de Vega (whose portrait he painted), Gongora, and Quevedo; that he probably lived for some time in Seville; and about 1621 returned to court, where he was made a knight of the order of Calatrava, and appointed to an office in the queen's household. Jauregui's first literary essay was an excellent Spanish version of the Aminta of Tasso, published while at Rome in 1607, and corrected (not always improved), in the volume of his poems published at Seville in 1618. His original works, chiefly lyrical, are free from that subserviency to the so-called "Gongorism," or classicism, which is observable in the "Aminta." The works of Jauregui are contained in the sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes of the Coleccion de poesias Castellanas, by Fernandez, 1808.—F. M. W.  JAVOLENUS, PRISCUS, a distinguished Roman jurist, whose name occurs in the Digest. He probably belonged to the Sabiniani, and was master of Salvius Julianus, compiler of the Edictum Perpetuum, under the reign of the Emperor Hadrian. From a passage in the Digest, it may be collected that Priscus Javolenus held during some time the offices of governor of Syria and Africa; but beyond this scarcely anything is known tending to throw light on his career. Javolenus, if the Florentine Index may be trusted, wrote fifteen books, "Ex Cassio" (Cains Cassius Longinus), fifteen books of epistles, and five books to Plautius, besides leaving an annotated epitome of the Libri Posteriores of Labeo.—W. C. H.  JAY. See.  JAY,, a French author, born on the 20th October, 1770; died on the 9th April, 1854. After studying at Toulouse he passed for the bar, but in 1795 went to America and remained there seven years, visiting the States and Canada, and making acquaintance with American personages and institutions. In 1802 he returned to France, and undertook the education of the family of the notorious Fouché of Nantes. In 1810 he gained the academy prize for an essay on the literature of the eighteenth century; and was afterwards engaged in translating the English journals for the Emperor Napoleon. He then edited the Journal de Paris, and published his principal work, the "History of the Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu." He also founded the Constitutionnel and the Minerve; and left a number of useful works on various subjects—P. E. D.  JAY,, LL.D., first chief-justice of the United States of America under the constitution of 1789, was born at New York in 1745. He belonged to a French family that had taken refuge in the states after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, was called to the bar in 1768, and elected a member of the first American congress in 1774. His probity and eloquence soon brought him into high repute. He was the author of the "Address to the People of Great Britain," drawn up by a committee of congress, and with the exception of Franklin and Adams, was not surpassed by any member in his services to the American cause. Called in 1776 to assist in forming the government of the state of New York, his name was not appended to the declaration of independence; but in the provincial convention he reported the resolutions in favour of the declaration. The address of the convention to the people of New York, signed by A. Ten Broeck, was written by him, and also the address of congress of 1779. In that year he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain, and subsequently was one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate peace with Great Britain. In that capacity he signed the definitive treaty at Paris, 3rd September, 1783, and the following year returned to America. He was appointed secretary for foreign affairs, an office of the highest importance at that period. In 1786 he drew up a report on the relations between the United States and Great Britain, and among other duties, assisted Hamilton and Madison in editing the Federalist. In 1789 he was appointed chief-justice by Washington, and in 1794 minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain. At London he concluded the treaty which still bears his name, and in which he assented to the principle that "the flag does not cover the cargo." This admission was vehemently objected to in the States. By that one act Jay destroyed all his previous popularity in the estimation of the more violent partisans of independence. His previous services, however, were undeniable, and in 1795 he was elected governor of the state of New York, and held the office till 1801. The remainder of his life was passed in retirement. He died at Bedford in 1829, aged eighty-four.—P. E. D. <section end="1102H" /> <section begin="1102Zcontin" />JAY,, D.D., a highly popular nonconformist minister, and author of some widely known and most useful devotional works, was the son of a mason, and was born at Tisbury in Wiltshire in 1769. His early education was exceedingly limited, and he began active life as an apprentice to his father. Beckford was at this time erecting his famous mansion of Fonthill Abbey in the neighbourhood of Tisbury, and young Jay was assisting his father in the work as an ordinary stonecutter and labourer when he attracted the attention of Cornelius Winter, a zealous convert of Whitefield, who itinerated as a preacher in this district. This pious and benevolent man was so much pleased with the intelligence and docility of the young man that, though his own income amounted only to £55 a year, he offered to receive him into his academy at Marlborough, and prepare him for the ministry. Jay readily agreed to this generous and disinterested proposal, and during three years and a half pursued his theological studies under Mr. Winter's superintendence. John Thornton, the well-known philanthropist and the friend of Cowper and Wilberforce, contributed liberally to the support of the poor student, and probably some other wealthy friends of Mr. Winter may also have assisted his favourite pupil in his academic course. Jay began before he was sixteen to take his full share of village preaching; and before he was twenty-one he had preached nearly one thousand sermons. He left the academy about the close of 1788, and was settled at Christian Malford on a stipend of £35. He remained there a year, and was then called to Hope chapel in the Hot Wells of Bristol. In January, 1791, he was translated to Argyle chapel, Bath, with which his name will always be associated. He was eminently fitted for the situation which he now occupied. His attractive personal appearance, musical voice, pleasing manners, eloquence, and eminent piety, soon drew around him great numbers, both of the citizens of Bath and of the visitors to this fashionable watering-place; and his labours were productive of great good to multitudes of all denominations. He enjoyed the friendship of Wilberforce, Hannah More, and other eminent members of the Church of England, as well as the admiration and affection of the dissenters; and continued to preach, and write, and labour with eminent usefulness and unflagging energy and zeal throughout the whole of his lengthened career. He died on December 27th, 1853, in the eighty-fifth year of his age and sixty-third of his ministry.

Jay's sermons were simple, unaffected, earnest, devout, and most impressive; interspersed with occasional flashes of wit and strokes of satire, and appropriate and memorable anecdotes. He had no great regard for mere professional conventionalities either of manner or matter, and threw them aside at once whenever occasion required. "His eloquence was capable of great variety, but he chiefly excelled in the expression of kindness." He was a voluminous author, as well as a popular preacher. His life of his benefactor, Cornelius Winter, is one of the best pieces of religious biography this age has produced. His "Mutual Duties of Husbands and Wives," "Short Discourses <section end="1102Zcontin" />