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JAC was equally unsuccessful in his endeavours, and the schism spread among his own subjects. While the strife continued Jacob set out for Alexandria; but on the way he fell sick, and lingering for three days expired. This was about. 576. It has been said that Jacob was bishop of Edessa, but this is not authenticated. His position among the monophysites led to his being designated their primate, which, however, could not be in an official sense. Barhebræus, who says much of him, tells us that he made above a hundred thousand bishops, priests, and deacons. His influence extended over an enormous territory. A liturgy which bears his name seems to belong to the real Jacob of Edessa; but Baradæus probably composed the catechism which is ascribed to him.—B. H. C.  , was at the council of Nicea in 325, and also at the council of Laodicea. Athanasius mentions him as a writer in defence of the orthodox faith. He is said to have wrought miracles, and to have delivered Nisibis from the Persians by his prayers. Gennadius gives a list of treatises by him. These were long lost, but an account of them is preserved by George, an Armenian bishop of the seventh century, and the treatises themselves are extant among the Syriac MSS. in the British museum. A volume of sermons ascribed to him was published at Rome in 1756, but they are of doubtful genuineness. An ancient Syrian chronicle places his death in 338, but there is reason to believe he lived ten years longer.—B. H. C.  JACOB, a Hungarian adventurer and leader of the Pastorels or Pastoreaux, about the year 1251. He was originally a Cistercian monk from Hungary, but nothing else is certainly known of him till the year 1251, when he preached in France a crusade for the deliverance of St. Louis, then a prisoner at Cæsarea. He was followed by an immense crowd who were dispersed and destroyed. Jacob himself also appears to have been killed—B. H. C.  JACOB, a learned Jew, author of a commentary on the Pentateuch, and of a valuable work entitled "Arba Thourim" (an epitome of the writings of the Jewish doctors respecting the Mosaic laws and ceremonies), was born in Germany, and died at Toledo in 1340.  JACOB, a Jewish scholar, a native of Tunis, born towards the close of the fifteenth century. He removed to Venice, and entered the establishment of the celebrated printer Bomberg. Here he edited, with a learned preface, the famous Bomberg rabbinical Hebrew bible, which contains the Hebrew text, several targums or paraphrases, and commentaries of eminent rabbins, with various readings and an essay upon accents. This splendid work appeared in 4 vols. folio, in 1525, and is now regarded as one of the most precious and remarkable productions of the press. Jacob showed by this undertaking his diligence as a compiler, his scrupulous care as an editor, and his judgment as a critic. He also published an edition of Maimonides' Yad Hachazaka.—B. H. C.  JACOB, a learned rabbi of the fifth century, of the sect of the Masorites, brought up at Tiberias in Galilee. To him and to his friend Ben Asser are attributed the invention and introduction of the points in the Hebrew language, which are employed instead of vowels. The year 476 has been fixed as the date of the new method of writing Hebrew.—P. E. D.  JACOB,, a surgeon and archæologist, who resided at Feversham, Kent, and died in 1788. In 1770 he republished, from the fourth edition of 1592, the old play of Arden of Feversham, with a preface in which reasons are assigned for considering it an early production of Shakspeare. He also published a "History of Feversham," 1774; a "Catalogue of Plants near Feversham," 1777; and a paper on Roman earthenware, 1782.  JACOB,, a writer who gave a divided allegiance to law and the drama, is remembered for two books, "The Law Dictionary" and "The Poetical Register, or lives and characters of the English dramatic poets," 1723. He was born, he says in the last-named work, at Romsey, Hants, where his father was a maltster. He was bred to the law in an attorney's office, and became ultimately steward and secretary to Mr. Blathwayt, an officer at the court of William III. and Queen Anne. He compiled numerous law books, a list of which occurs in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, and wrote two plays, "Love in a Wood," 1714; and "The Soldier's Last Stake." The former was never acted, but drew from Dr. Sewell a severe epigram. Jacob also obtained a niche in the Dunciad as "the scourge of grammar." "Works of compilement," says Baker, "seem to have suited his talent, rather than those of genius." His character for practical ability is redeemed by the long tenure of popularity enjoyed by some of his law manuals, and by his "Complete Court-keeper, or land-steward's guide," 1715, the eighth edition of which was published in 1819. He died on the 8th May, 1744.—R. H. <section end="1079H" /> <section begin="1079I" />JACOB,, a distinguished puritan of the independent persuasion, was born in Kent in 1563, and educated in St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, where he took his degree in arts. Having entered into orders, he was for some time precentor of Corpus Christi college, and afterwards obtained the benefice of Cheriton in his native county. About the year 1590 he embraced the principles of the Brownists, and upon the general banishment of that sect in 1593, he was under the necessity of retiring to Holland. Having returned to England about the year 1597, he published in the following year a "Treatise of the Sufferings and Victory of Christ in the work of our Redemption, written against certain errors on these points publicly preached in London." This drew upon him the resentment of Queen Elizabeth, and Jacob again retired to Holland, where he shortly after published, "Survey of Christ's Sufferings for man's Redemption, and of his descent to Hades or Hell for our deliverance;" 1604. He settled at Middleburg in Zealand, where he collected a congregation of English exiles, and continued to labour as their pastor for several years. Though a Brownist, he was not so extreme and uncharitable as many of that sect. He allowed that the Church of England was a true church, which most of them denied, and hence he was commonly called a semiseparatist. This is the position taken in his treatise published in 1604, "Reasons taken out of God's word and the best human testimonies, proving a necessity of reforming our churches in England." In 1610 he went to Leyden to meet with the eminent independent minister, Mr. John Robinson, and to bring out a work entitled "The Divine Beginning and Institution of Christ's true, visible, and material church," which he followed up in 1611 with "A Declaration and Opening of Certain Points," &c., a supplementary treatise to the former, in both of which works he maintained the principles relative to church government known by the name of Congregationalism or independency. In 1616 he returned to London with the design of forming a separatist congregation similar to those which he and Robinson had organized in Holland; and the religious society which he succeeded in bringing together at that time, is generally supposed to have been the first congregational church in England. In the same year he gave forth as the ecclesiastical manifesto of this new sect which was afterwards to grow to so much importance and influence, "A Protestation or Confession in the name of certain Christians, showing how far they agree with the Church of England, and wherein they differ; with the reasons of their dissent drawn from scripture," to which was added a petition to the king for the toleration of such christians. This remarkable document was soon after followed by another piece from his active pen, entitled "A Collection of sound reasons showing how necessary it is for all Christians to walk in all the ways and ordinances of God in purity and in a right way." He continued with this London congregation about eight years, when, becoming desirous of disseminating his views among the settlers of Virginia, he removed thither in 1624, with the consent of his flock; but he died soon after he set foot upon the shores of the New World at the age of sixty-one years.—P. L. <section end="1079I" /> <section begin="1079Zcontin" />JACOB,, son of the above, born in 1606 or 1607, inherited his father's talents, but not his principles. He was educated at Leyden, where he made great progress in oriental studies under the celebrated Erpenius, professor of Arabic; and finding a patron in William, earl of Pembroke, chancellor of Oxford, he was admitted by the university at the earl's recommendation and request to the degree of bachelor of arts. Soon after he was elected a probationer fellow of Merton college and reader of philology to the juniors of that house. At Oxford he was admitted to the intimacy of Selden, and assisted him in preparing one of his erudite works for the press. When the civil troubles under Charles I. began, he sided with the king and Archbishop Laud, who had befriended him at Oxford; and he suffered for his loyalty, for he was first silenced as philological lecturer by the warden of his college, and in the end deprived of his fellowship by the parliamentary visitors. Selden and other friends assisted him in his extremity, "but being," says Wood, "a shiftless person, as most mere scholars are, and the benefactions of friends not sufficing him," he was obliged to <section end="1079Zcontin" />