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HYR by Plutarch. After the battle of Crannon, 322 ., Hyperides fled from Athens to Ægina, where he was overtaken and put to death by order of Antipater. There is no oration of Hyperides extant, but his eloquence is spoken of by Dionysius, Longinus, Cicero, and others, in terms of the highest commendation.—J. B. J.  HYPERIUS,, or more properly Andrew Gerhard of Ypres, was born on 16th May, 1511. After receiving instruction at various schools he returned home, and remained there till the death of his father. In 1528 he went to Paris, where he studied for seven years, after which he travelled in France and Italy, Holland and Germany. In consequence of being suspected of favouring the Reformation, he retired to England, where he found a hospitable reception with Charles Lord Mountjoy for four years. The severity shown to Cromwell, Barnes, and the foreign residents in England, led Hyperius to return to the continent in 1540. On his arrival at Marburg he met with an old friend, Gerhardus Noviomagus, who induced him to remain at Marburg. Hyperius continued at Marburg till his decease in 1564. He married soon after his settlement at Marburg, where he distinguished himself by his assiduity and industry as a teacher, and introduced some effective improvements into the system then prevalent. He died in his fifty-third year, and was buried beside his predecessor.

Hyperius was a good scholar, and a successful teacher, and seems to have won the estimation both of his pupils and of his acquaintances by his straightforward and practical character, which was not without natural kindness. His writings, theological, scientific, and philosophical, are numerous, but now little known.—B. H. C.  HYPSICLES, a mathematician, flourished at some period between the middle of the second century and the middle of the sixth century of our era. He is reported to have added a fourteenth and a fifteenth book to Euclid's elements of geometry, relating respectively to the regular dodecaëdron, and to the regular icosaëdron.—W. J. M. R.  HYSTASPES. See.  HYRCANUS,, was the son of Simon Maccabæus, and succeeded his father as prince and high priest of the Jews in the year 135. Shortly after his elevation to the pontificate, Jerusalem was besieged by Antiochus Sidetes and the Jews were subjected to great privations; but at length the siege was raised, and a treaty of peace concluded on the condition that the city should be dismantled and a large money-ransom paid. After this, Hyrcanus formed an alliance with Antiochus, and went with him against the Parthians, but escaped the destruction which befell the king of Syria and his army, by returning with his auxiliaries to Jerusalem at the approach of winter. By skilfully taking advantage of the civil wars of Syria, Hyrcanus greatly strengthened his position. He extended his dominions over Samaria and Galilee, destroyed the temple of Gerizim, subdued the Idumeans, and became an ally of the Romans. In the earlier part of his life he was attached to the sect of the Pharisees, but connected himself with the Sadducees in consequence of an insult which he had received from a leading member of the party to which he had previously belonged. This step led him into troubles which embittered his closing years, and made him, notwithstanding the general lustre and efficiency of his government, unpopular among the Jews. He died in 106. Though Hyrcanus did not assume the title of king, he is justly regarded as the founder of the monarchy, which continued in his family till the time of Herod. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Aristobulus, who was the first king of the Jews after the captivity.—J. B. J.  HYRCANUS II. was the eldest son of Alexander Jannæus, king and high priest of the Jews. At the death of Alexander the regal authority was assumed by his widow, Alexandra, a princess of much wisdom and virtue, and the pontificate was conferred on Hyrcanus. When his mother died (69 .) he was declared king, but was soon after deprived of power by his brother, Aristobulus, who was of a daring and ambitious disposition. Hyrcanus, who was a man of easy and peaceful temper, would probably have remained content with the private position to which he had been reduced, but he was persuaded by Antipater to seek the aid of Aretas, king of Arabia Petræa, to whose court he went in the year 65. In compliance with the entreaties of Hyrcanus, Aretas marched against Jerusalem, defeated Aristobulus, who, with his partisans, took refuge in the temple, and delivered the city into the hands of Hyrcanus. Both Aretas and Hyrcanus, however, were compelled to withdraw from Jerusalem, by order of Emilius Scaurus, Pompey's lieutenant, who had been gained over by bribes and promises to espouse the cause of Aristobulus. Shortly after, the matters in dispute were submitted to Pompey by the brothers, who appeared in person before him; but the evident desire of the Roman to show favour to Hyrcanus roused the fiery temper of Aristobulus, and prevented an amicable arrangement. Aristobulus attempted for a while to resist, and the city of Jerusalem was subjected again to the privations of a siege, at the close of which Hyrcanus was restored to the office of high priest, with the title of prince. He lived several years under the protection of the Romans; but in the year 40. Syria was invaded by Pacorus, the son of the king of Parthia, and Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, having through the influence of Pacorus gained possession of the person of Hyrcanus, cut off his ears, in order to incapacitate him for the priesthood, and sent him as a prisoner to Seleuceia on the Tigris. Several years afterwards he was induced by Herod to go to Jerusalem, where, under pretence of being concerned in treasonable designs, he was put to death in his eightieth year.—J. B. J. 