Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/975

CAR king, whom he followed in his wanderings till the Restoration. He was rewarded with the appointment to some high offices of state, and was about to be made a baron, when he died in 1679.—J. B.  CARTERET,, Lord, afterwards , a distinguished statesman in the time of the first two Georges, was born 22nd April, 1690. He was early distinguished for his profound and extensive learning. This gave weight to his speeches when he was introduced to the house of peers in 1711. He rose through various grades, and by the successful discharge of various embassies, to be secretary of state in 1721. He was an especial favourite with George I., being, it is said, the only one of his ministers who could converse with him in his native German. In 1724 he became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, an office to which he was reappointed in 1727, after the accession of George II., and in which he won the regard of the people, and the special friendship of Dean Swift and the other literary men of the country. He returned to parliament in 1730, and joined, indeed became the leader of the opposition against Sir Robert Walpole. When the fall of that minister was, after a twelve years' contest, accomplished in 1742, Lord Carteret became secretary of state and chief minister. In great favour with the king, and supporting measures which he had before condemned, he had in turn to confront a formidable opposition, and was at length displaced in 1744 by the duke of Newcastle. Now Earl Granville, he regained, but could only retain for four days, the seals of office in 1746. He still, however, continued in favour with the king. He died in 1763. In the most exciting times of his political career, he found time to discuss questions of scholarship with Bentley, who undertook at Granville's request his edition of Homer. Even Horace Walpole, of whose father he was the bitter opponent, confesses that, of the statesmen of the day, none equalled Lord Carteret in genius.—J. B.  CARTERET,, an English voyager of the eighteenth century. In 1766 he was appointed commander of the Swallow, to sail under the orders of Captain Wallis in the Dolphin, on a voyage of discovery. The ships were parted by foul weather in the Straits of Magellan, and the Swallow proceeded alone. Sailing in the Southern Pacific, Carteret discovered and named a large number of little islands; proceeding westward, and touching at Borneo and Celebes, he doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived in England in 1769, winning thus accidentally a place among the circumnavigators of the globe.—J. B.  CARTES. See.  CARTHEUSER,, a German physician and chemist, born at Hayn in Prussia in 1704; died in 1777 at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. In the university of the latter town he held several professorships. His works were valuable and very numerous; but his chief merit consisted in the salutary reform he effected in materia medica. He subjected the plants used in medicine to the most careful analyses, determining their composition, the nature of the vegetable oils and salts, and was thus enabled to make many improvements in the pharmacopœia.  CARTIER,, a French navigator and explorer, was born at St. Malo, December 31, 1494. The French government, desiring to found a settlement near the banks where many of their vessels were engaged in the fisheries, sent out Cartier in command of an expedition consisting of two vessels in April, 1534. He passed through the Straits of Belleisle—sailed round the Gulf of St. Lawrence—discovered the great river which empties into it—gave a name to the bay of Chaleurs, and returned to France in September of the same year. The next May he was sent again, in command of three vessels, with a more ample outfit, to prosecute his discoveries. He now sailed up the St. Lawrence, discovered the island of Orleans, near Quebec, and in his pinnace and small boats ascended as far as where Montreal now stands—opening friendly relations with the natives by the way. Returning to his ships, he selected a place which he called La Croix, near Quebec, where he landed his company and passed the winter. Next May they all returned to France, carrying with them several of the Indians, all of whom died soon after their arrival. Cartier published an account of this voyage, which contains some useful information and many strange and incredible stories. In 1540 a third expedition was set on foot, under Roberval, who was commissioned as lieutenant-governor of Canada. Cartier was made his pilot, and second in command, and sailed first with five vessels. He passed up the river about four miles above his former position at La Croix, and there landed his company, and built a fort called Charlesbourg. But again experience of the hardships of a new settlement in the wilderness sickened the people of their undertaking, and in less than two years they all embarked, and turned their faces homeward. At Newfoundland, however, they met Roberval, who was now first coming out, and were ordered by him to return. But Cartier chose to disobey, and sailing away privately in the night reached France. Roberval persevered, and founded a colony. Of Cartier's subsequent history nothing is known.—F. B.  CARTISMANDUA, the queen of the Brigantes in Britain, who perfidiously delivered up Caractacus to the Romans. Having discarded her husband, Venusius, and married Vellocatus, his armour-bearer, her subjects revolted. She asked the assistance of the Romans, who thus obtained possession of the country.  CARTOUCHE,, a famous brigand, born at Paris about 1693. He commenced his larcenous career with petty depredations, and ultimately became the chief of a numerous band of robbers, over whom his courage, craft, and prodigious strength gained him absolute authority. The Parisian police were at that time exceedingly inefficient, and Cartouche kept the citizens of the capital in constant terror by the number and audacity of his depredations. He was at length captured by the authorities, and after a lengthened trial, which excited extraordinary interest, he was condemned, and executed on the 28th of November, 1721. A well-known French proverb says—"Cartouche began by stealing pins."—J. T. <section end="975H" /> <section begin="975I" />CARTWRIGHT,, the inventor of the power-loom, was born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire, in 1743. He studied at University college, Oxford, was elected a fellow of Magdalene, and held successively the livings of Brampton and Goadby-Marwood. Before he directed his attention to mechanical invention, he occupied himself with literary pursuits, contributing for some time to the Monthly Review, and publishing some little poems—"Arminia and Elvira;" "The Prince of Peace;" and "Sonnets to Eminent Men." Cartwright had completed his fortieth year when, in 1784, being on a visit to Matlock, he chanced to meet some gentlemen from Manchester, whose conversation turned on the mechanical appliances for weaving. He became interested in the subject, began to study it, and made so rapid progress that, early in the following year, he was able to set his first power-loom in motion. It was met by great opposition on the part of the workmen, and of many of the manufacturers, who were afraid to offend their labourers, and it did not soon come into general favour. The first mill that was built for working the new looms, and which contained 500 of them, was wilfully burned to the ground. So late as the year 1813 there were no more than 2300 of these power-looms in the United Kingdom. But Cartwright was nothing daunted, and persevered in devising improvements, till he had brought to very great perfection what was at first a rude unwieldy machine, but what has since become a prime necessity of British manufacture. Nor did he confine himself to this, but took ten different patents for inventions of various kinds. One of them was a patent for combing wool, taken out in 1790. His great invention brought him no increase of fortune. In 1807 a petition was sent to government by the principal cotton-spinners, craving for some recognition of his numerous services to the manufacturing interest, and in 1809 a grant of £10,000 was given—a sum which did not nearly compensate him for his outlay. He died October 30, 1823.—J. B. <section end="975I" /> <section begin="975J" />CARTWRIGHT,, known as Major Cartwright, was the brother of Edmund, and was born at Marnham in 1740. He entered the navy, and took part in the capture of Cherburg and some other important engagements. When the war with America broke out in 1774, he refused to serve against the colonies, because of his views on the subject of constitutional liberty, which he embodied in a work entitled "Letters on American Independence." In 1775 he received a major's commission in the Nottinghamshire militia, and retained through life the title which that appointment gave him. He was early known as zealous in the cause of parliamentary reform, being, indeed, one of its first advocates. He took part with Dr. Jebb and Granville Sharp in forming, in 1780, the "Society for Constitutional Reformation," and was known to have co-operated with Tooke, Hardy, and Thelwall, who were tried for their zeal in the cause of reform. He died in 1824, and a statue was erected to his memory in Burton crescent, London.—J. B. <section end="975J" /> <section begin="975Zcontin" />CARTWRIGHT,, an eminent puritan divine, born <section end="975Zcontin" />