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CAM CAMPAGNOLI,, a violinist, was born at Cento, near Bologna, September 10, 1751, and died either at Neustrelitz or at Hanover, November 6, 1827. His first master was Dall' Ocha, a pupil of Lolli, and he received further instruction on his instrument from Don Paolo Guastarobber, a pupil of Tartini. He went with Lamotta to Venice, and thence to Padua. In this place, where Tartini was reposing on the laurels of his long and honourable artistic career, Campagnoli played to the venerable master, and received his warm encouragement. In 1770 he visited Rome, with success. He next spent six months at Faenza, during which he pursued his study of the violin with the maestro di capella, Paolo Alberghi. Thence Campagnoli went to Florence, where Nardini was residing, whom he was so pleased to take as a model, that he remained at the Tuscan capital for five years, where also he made the friendship of Cherubini. At the end of 1775 he accepted the invitation of the prince bishop of Freisingen in Bavaria, to enter his chapel. In 1778 Campagnoli commenced a tour, in company with Reinert the fagotist, through Poland and the adjacent states. In 1783, if not earlier, he went to Dresden, where he was engaged by Carl, duke of Courland. This liberal patron gave him leave of absence to visit different cities for the display of his now famous skill as a violinist; accordingly, besides other places, he appeared at Stockholm, where he was created member of the Royal Academy of Music. His engagement continued until the duke's death in 1787, when Campagnoli was appointed concert master at Leipzig, with the direction of the Abonnement concerts. In 1801 he visited Paris, where he met once more his old friend Cherubini, and where his playing successfully stood the test of comparison with that of Rode, Krutzer, and the other eminent artists then resident in the French metropolis. In 1808 he brought out as a singer his second daughter, Albertina, then but thirteen years old, and, in 1810, her younger sister, Gianetta, also appeared as a vocalist. These ladies subsequently attained considerable distinction in their art, to extend their opportunities for which, in 1816, their father took them to Italy, and Mattei officiated as his deputy in Leipzig during his absence. He afterwards resigned his appointment in that city to accept the less arduous one of music director at Neustrelitz, which allowed him to spend much of his time with his daughters, who were permanently engaged at Hanover. Though he wrote extensively for his instrument, and naturally exhibited his specialities best in the performance of his own music, he was not less successful in playing the bravura pieces of other violin composers; and he added much to his reputation by his rendering of quartets, and similar chamber music. He was personally liked as much as he was artistically admired, and the extremely bad German he habitually spoke (for in his many years of residence in Germany he never mastered the language), gave drollery to all he said, which, combined with his natural good humour, made him a welcome companion wherever he appeared. His published works, which form but an inconsiderable portion of his productions, consist of pieces for the violin in all forms, from the study to the concerto, some compositions for the viola, and some for the flute. These have all passed away with their time, but his "Method for the Violin," with its numerous progressive exercises, is still held in esteem, and his "Exercises on the Seven Positions" is a work in the highest repute.—G. A. M.  CAMPAN,, born at Paris in 1752. This lady, the strange vicissitudes of whose life she has herself described in her interesting memoirs, was the daughter of a gentleman who held a respectable situation in the office of the minister for foreign affairs under Louis XVI., and was noted for his literary tastes. Having enjoyed from childhood the combined advantages of courtly and literary society, she so well profited by these as to be thought worthy of being appointed reader to the royal princesses. After her marriage with M. Campan, son of the king's private secretary, the queen, Marie Antoinette, attached Madame Campan to her person by appointing her first femme de chambre. She, like her royal mistress, was surprised by the Revolution; and, having witnessed the dreadful scenes of the 10th August, was so little dismayed on her own account, that, with admirable fidelity, she offered to share the queen's imprisonment in the Temple. Her unconcealed attachment to her mistress exposed her to such danger that she was obliged to quit Paris. On her arrival at Combertin, the place of her retreat, she was met by the fearful tidings of her sister having been arrested, and of her having committed suicide. As soon as the fall of Robespierre relieved her from apprehension for her personal safety, she opened school at St. Germain. When Josephine Beauharnais, about to be married to General Bonaparte, wanted to place her daughter Hortense at school, that of Madame Campan was selected. This naturally brought the ex-reader of the court of the unfortunate Louis XVI. under the notice of the future emperor of the French. Hortense, the destined wife of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, remained under Madame Campan's care, while her stepfather was running his marvellous career of glory in Italy. The hero on his return assisted at the representation of Racine's Esther by the female pupils of St. Germain, as Louis XIV. used to honour by his presence the performance of the same play by madame de Maintenon's protegées at St. Cyr. Shortly after Napoleon assumed the imperial purple, he appointed Madame Campan superintendent of the imperial school at Ecouen, an institution erected for the daughters of officers of the legion of honour. From this situation she was ungenerously dismissed at the Restoration. To add to the mortification of dismissal, came sorrow for the death of her only son. A cancer declared itself, and, after lingering some time in suffering, she died at Mantes in 1822. Besides the memoirs alluded to, Madame Campan has left "Anecdotes of the courts of Louis XIV. and XV.," and some works on education.—J. F. C.  CAMPANA,, an Italian physician, was born at Ferrara in 1751, and died in 1832. After prosecuting the study of medicine at Ferrara, he became physician to the hospital of Saint Mary at Florence. He subsequently devoted himself to natural science, and turned his attention to botany, agriculture, and chemistry. He filled a chair of physical science at Ferrara. His published works are, "A Catalogue of the Plants in the Botanic Garden of Ferrara;" "The Pharmacopœia of Ferrara;" and treatises on intermittent fevers.—J. H. B.  CAMPANAIO,, a Florentine sculptor and architect, born in 1491; died in 1541. At Rome he attracted the notice of Raphael, on whose recommendation he was intrusted with some important tombs and buildings.  CAMPANELLA,, was born 6th Sept., 1568, at Stilo, a small town in Calabria. At five years old, it is said, he was distinguished for his extraordinary memory; at thirteen he read and made notes on all the Latin authors; at fifteen he embraced the monastic life, and joined the order of the Predicatori. The silence of the convent, where his studies and meditations were pursued with unflagging assiduity, seems to have favoured the rapid development of his mind; and, before he had attained the age of twenty-three, his name was already famous in the philosophical world. But his ardent and enterprising genius could not long brook the monotony of a cloister, nor could his intellectual energy long be limited to merely contemplative study, which, left to itself, must ever be devoid of practical result. It is a leading characteristic of the Italian race, that they strive ever to connect ideas with practice. Penetrating into the most abstruse regions of speculation, they seek continually to turn theory into life. Campanella is a striking instance of this tendency. He was led to embrace warmly the philosophical doctrines initiated by Bernardino Telesio, who sought to free the human mind from Aristotelian tyranny, and to substitute experience and induction for the barren a priori process. With the zeal of a convert, Campanella travelled all over Italy to spread the new emancipating ideas. His vast erudition, his profound conviction, gave to his fluent speech the force of eloquence, and he made numerous proselytes in Calabria, Bologna, Florence, and Padua. During his residence in Bologna, however, his manuscripts were seized and handed over to the inquisition at Rome; but no immediate consequences followed. At the close of this scientific pilgrimage, Campanella returned to Stilo in 1598. Passing through the kingdom of Naples on his way, he could not avoid seeing how that unhappy country was groaning under the Spanish yoke—the worst that has ever oppressed even Italy. The count de Lemoz, the stakes and gibbets of the holy office, the ignorant and haughty despotism of its rulers, had reduced this once smiling and fertile country, the birthplace of some of earth's mightiest intellects, to the lowest stage of degradation. Naturally enough Campanella, hitherto the apostle of the emancipation of thought, now became the apostle of political emancipation. The political tyranny of Philip III. was as injurious to intellectual freedom as was the intellectual despotism of Aristotle to political liberty. The one was the bulwark of the other, and in order to overthrow either, it was necessary 