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CAL CALDANI,, an Italian anatomist, born at Bologna in 1725. He was successively professor of anatomy at Bologna, and of theoretical medicine at Padua, where he succeeded Morgagni in the chair of anatomy. He published "Elements of Pathology," "Elements of Physiology," and an elementary work on anatomy. He continued till the very close of his life to prosecute his favourite study of anatomy, publishing, when seventy-six years of age, a series of anatomical plates. He died in 1813.—J. B.  CALDARA,, a musician, was born in Venice about 1671, where he died in 1763. He studied composition under his fellow-townsman, Legrenzi; and in 1689 he produced, successfully, an opera called "Argene." This was followed by several works of the same class, the popularity of which led to his engagement at Rome in 1711, to write the opera "Atenaide," for the display of the singer Amadora. He is said to have been appointed mæstro di capella to the court of Mantua in 1714; but, since he produced no work there, this is very questionable. Two years later he went to Austria, produced an opera at Saltzburg, and proceeded to Vienna, where in 1717 he brought out "Caio Mario," and no less than three other equally important dramatic works. His success and his remarkable fecundity so charmed the emperor, Charles VI., that he was engaged to teach this imperial dilettante free composition, and in 1718 was appointed vice-kapellmeister under the famous Fuchs, who was the monarch's instructor in counterpoint. In this capacity Caldara was furnished with poems by Zeno and Metastasio, who were resident in the Austrian capital, and was thus the original composer of many of their lyrical dramas, which have since been set again and again by other musicians. He wrote with the greatest rapidity, producing three, four, and even five operas in one year, until, in 1736, the failure of "Temistocle," his sixty-eighth work, so greatly depressed him, that he never again wrote for the stage. He resigned his appointment, and in 1738 returned to his native city, where he spent the remainder of his long life in repose. Besides his numerous operas and oratorios, he wrote some music for the church and some instrumental pieces.

The English historians appear greatly to exaggerate the merit of his works; fluency was his chief characteristic as a composer, with the natural grace that always accompanies it, but he had very little profundity. His style assumed greater earnestness from the time of his settlement in Vienna, and this is shown still more in his ecclesiastical than in his theatrical music.—G. A. M.  CALDARO. See.  CALDARONE or CALDERONE,, an Italian physician and chemist, was born at Palermo on the 1st Jan., 1651, and died in 1731. He prosecuted natural history, and particularly botany. He became first physician in Sicily, and was charged with the inspection of drugs. He has written letters on botany, which were published in 1673.—J. H. B.  CALDAS,, a South American naturalist, born at Popayan in New Grenada about 1773, interesting as an example of a self-made savant. Without help from teachers, and with little from books, he attained to a respectable acquaintance with botany, physical geography, mechanics, and astronomy. To the explorer of New Grenada, Mutis, he rendered valuable assistance, and, among other independent services to science, determined the height of Chimborazo and other peaks. In 1805 or 1806 he was appointed director of the observatory of Santa Fé de Bogota. Having eagerly embraced the cause of independence he fell into the hands of Morillo, by whom he was put to death in 1806. Humboldt has recognized the merit of his scientific labours, the principal part of which is embodied in his "Semenario de la Nueva Granada," edited and published, with additions, at Paris in 1849.—J. S., G.  CALDENBACH,, a German naturalist and poet, was born at Schwibus in Silesia on 11th August, 1613, and died on 16th July, 1698. He prosecuted his studies at Frankfort-on-the-Oder and at Königsberg. He has written several literary works and commentaries on the laurel, the olive, the palm, and the vine.—J. H. B.  CALDER,, a zealous adherent of episcopacy in Scotland after the Revolution, was born at Elgin, Morayshire, in 1658. He had been appointed to the curacy of Newthorn, Berwickshire, before the Revolution, but lost his living in 1689, because he refused to read the proclamation of the new sovereign, and continued to pray for King James. We gather from one of his works that in 1693 he was imprisoned at Edinburgh. After officiating for some time in Aberdeen and Elgin, from both of which he was expelled, he returned to Edinburgh, where he preached in a small chapel in High Street. He published a number of works, chiefly bearing on the controversy in which he took so prominent a part; of these we mention his "Priesthood of the Old and New Testament by Succession," and his "Scottish Presbyterian Eloquence."—J. B.  CALDER,, Bart., a British admiral, fourth son of Sir James Calder of Muirton in Morayshire, was born in 1745. He entered the navy at the age of fourteen, and attained the rank of post-captain in 1780. In 1796 he was selected by Sir John Jervis to officiate as captain of the fleet, and in that capacity contributed to gain the glorious victory of Cape St. Vincent, 14th February, 1797, and was the bearer of the admiral's despatches home. In the following year he was created a baronet, and in 1799 attained the rank of rear-admiral. In 1801 he was despatched with a squadron in pursuit of a French force under Admiral Gantheaume which had contrived to escape from Brest, but did not succeed in coming up with them though he followed them to the West Indies. In 1805 he commanded for some time the squadron which blockaded the French ships in the port of Ferrol. He was next ordered to cruise off Cape Finisterre, for the purpose of intercepting the combined French and Spanish fleet under Villeneuve on its return from the West Indies. At noon on the 22nd of July this force, consisting of twenty ships of the line, a 50-gun ship, and seven frigates, was observed on the lee bow by the British fleet, which was composed of only fifteen ships of the line and two frigates. An engagement took place which lasted till nine o'clock p.m., and terminated in the capture of two of the enemy's ships. Admiral Calder was severely censured both for the alleged unskilful mode in which the attack was made, and for declining to renew the action next day, and permitting the enemy to retire unmolested. On his return to England he was tried by a court-martial, and found guilty of not having done his utmost to take and destroy the enemy's ships, owing to an error of judgment, and was adjudged to be severely reprimanded. After a time an impression began to prevail that Sir Robert had been harshly treated. In 1810 he was appointed port-admiral at Plymouth, an office which he held for three years, and died in 1818, aged seventy-four.—J. T. <section end="900H" /> <section begin="900I" />CALDERARI,, an Italian architect, born of a noble family at Vicenza in 1730; died in 1803. A moonlight view of the basilica of his native city, first gave him an enthusiasm for architecture. He adorned Vicenza and its neighbourhood with many noble buildings, and became known for various works in other Italian cities. He was elected by the French Institute as "foremost among the Italian architects of the day." <section end="900I" /> <section begin="900J" />CALDERINI,, born at Torn in Verona in 1446. When only twenty-four years of age he was appointed by Pope Paul II. professor of classical literature in the university of Rome, which chair he also filled under the pontificate of Sixtus IV. This pontiff raised him to the dignity of apostolic secretary, and employed him along with Cardinal della Rovere to treat with the citizens of Avignon on the occasion of a rebellion being declared against the papacy in that city. He left commentaries on Juvenal, Martial, Propertius, Virgil, Statius, and valuable manuscripts on Ovid's Metamorphoses, on Persius, &c. Giglio Gregorio Giraldi notes many poetical compositions of this author. Lucio Fostoro, one of the greatest Hellenists of that age, in a letter to Alexander Cortese, bishop of Segni, asserts, perhaps with some exaggeration, that the only three really elegant writers of that epoch were Lorenzo Valla, Calderini, and Poliziano. He died of the plague in 1478.—A. C. M. <section end="900J" /> <section begin="900Zcontin" />CALDERON DE LA BARCA,, the greatest of the Spanish dramatists, and one of the great national poets of Europe, was born at Madrid on the 17th of January, 1600. His father held the important office of secretary to the treasury board under Philip II. and Philip III. His mother was the descendant of a noble family long settled in Spain, which had originally come from the Low Countries; and in a work of authority connected with the literary history of Madrid, Los Hijos de Madrid, tom. iv. p. 218, they are both praised for the care they bestowed upon the religious and literary education of their four children. Of these, Don Pedro, the poet, was the youngest. Up to his ninth year, the elementary education which he could receive seems to have been given to him at <section end="900Zcontin" />