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ALB  in Mecklenburg, shortly after he had been appointed to the office of superintendent-general, a species of bishopric. His writings, which are mostly directed against the Roman catholics, are full of bitter satire, and the coarse humour characteristic of the period. One of the most remarkable is:—"Der Barfüsser Mönche Eulenspiegel und Alkoran, mit einer schönen Vorre de Martini Lutheri." (The Joe Miller and Alcoran of the Barefooted Monks, with a beautiful preface by Martin Luther.) This is a translation, with a running parodied commentary, of a work by Bartholomew Albizza of Pisa, which purports to exhibit the resemblance between St. Francis and Christ. Another is a piece of personal controversy directed against one George Witzel, a monk who adopted the doctrines of the Reformation, and then apostatized; it is entitled, "Eilend aber doch wohlgetroffener Contrafactur, da Jörg Witzel abgemalet ist, wie er dem Judas Ischariot so gar ähnlich sicht." (A hasty but well-hit portraiture, being the likeness of George Witzel, showing his exceeding great resemblance to Judas Iscariot.) Alber also wrote a book of forty-nine fables in German verse, and a number of hymns which became popular.—A. M.  ALBERGA´TI,, a political writer, died about the year 1605. He was a native of Bologna, but passed a great part of his life at the court of Francis Maria della Rovere, duke of Urbino. Two of his books are these:—"Del modo di ridure alla pace le inimicizie private" (On the mode of reducing private enmities to peace), Rome, 1583, folio; and "La Republica Regia" (The Royal Republic), Bologna, 1627, folio.  ALBERGA´TI,, a learned Italian, who lived in the latter half of the tenth century. He was a native of Bologna. He wrote, among other works—"De Virginitate Libri III.;" "De Angelorum lapsu;" "Super Pentateuchum Commentaria."  ALBERGA´TI,, Cardinal, was born at Bologna in 1375. He commenced life as a student of law, but at twenty became a member of the order of Carthusians. In 1417 he became bishop of Cologne under Pope Martin V., who subsequently raised him to the cardinalate, and intrusted him with the discharge of several important missions. One of these was to mediate as nuncio between Charles VI. of France, and Henry V. of England. He was appointed to preside at the council of Basle by Pope Eugenius IV., whose prerogatives he strenuously maintained in that assembly. On his return from a mission as apostolic nuncio to the congress of Nürnberg in 1439, he was made grand penitentiary and treasurer to the pope, but died in 1443, before he had long enjoyed these dignities. He has left a number of works on theological subjects.—A. M.  ALBERGA´TI CAPACELLI,, Marquis, an Italian dramatic author; born at Bologna on the 29th of April, 1728, and died on the 16th of March, 1804. In the theatre which he erected at his villa, near Bologna, he acted in his own and other pieces so admirably, as to acquire the appellation of "the Garrick of Italy." His private life was of dubious fame. He divorced his first wife, and was accused of murdering his second, an actress. Of this crime, however, Albergati was judicially acquitted. His third wife, with whom he lived unhappily, was a dancer of the name of Zampieri. Goldoni wrote for his theatre, and he corresponded with Voltaire and Alfieri. His own dramatic works are nineteen in number; the best is "Il prejudizio del falso onore." (The prejudice of false honour.)—A. M.  ALBERGO´NI,, an eloquent Italian preacher, provincial of Milan, adviser to the Inquisition, bishop of Monmarani from 1611 till his death, and author of various religious works, and of an explanation of the doctrines of Scotus, was born at Milan in 1560, and died in 1636.  ALBERGOTTI,, an Italian jurist of the fourteenth century, of great celebrity and influence in his time, author of a commentary on the Pandects and on part of the code of Justinian, and surnamed "Doctor solidæ veritatis."  ALBERIC or ALBERT, an ecclesiastic of Aix in Provence, author of "Chronicon Hierosolymitanum," compiled from the statements of eye-witnesses, and containing a history of the crusaders from 1085 to 1120. <section end="89H" /> <section begin="89I" />ALBERIC, a Benedictine monk, born at Beauvais in 1080. He was made cardinal-bishop of Ostia, and sent as legate to London, where he held a council of the English church in 1138. He convoked at Antioch, in 1140, a council of Latin bishops, which deposed the Latin patriarch Rodolphus. He afterwards proceeded to France, where he co-operated with St. Bernard in the suppression of heresy. Died at Verdun in 1147. <section end="89I" /> <section begin="89J" />ALBERI´CO, a soldier, who acted a prominent part in the internal wars of Italy, toward the close of the fourteenth century. He took the side of Urban VI. in his quarrel with Clement VII., and afterwards assisted Charles of Durazzo in his conquest of Naples, and was appointed great constable of that kingdom. He died at Trani in Apulia. <section end="89J" /> <section begin="89K" />ALBERI'CO, a native of Bergamo, and one of the most eminent jurists of the fourteenth century, author of various treatises on civil and canon law. <section end="89K" /> <section begin="89L" />ALBERI´CUS or ALBERI´CO,, count of Tusculum, and duke of Spoletum and Camerinum, married Marozia, a noble lady, through whom he attained to great influence in Rome. He was allied with Pope John X. and the prince of Beneventum in a successful expedition against the Saracens in 916. He afterwards quarreled with the pope, was exiled from Rome, and killed at Orta in 925.—, son of the preceding, and brother of Pope John XI., quarreled with Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, who had married his mother Marozia, headed a successful insurrection against him, and seized on the temporal power at Rome, which he continued to hold till his death in 954. Very little is known of the events of his twenty-three years' reign. He was succeeded by his son Octavian, who, as Pope John XII., once more united the spiritual and temporal power.—J. B. <section end="89L" /> <section begin="89M" />A´LBERO or ADELBERO I., a bishop and prince of Liege, who, by numerous important measures, and, in particular, by the suppression of robbery, and the abolition of an odious impost called "The right of dead hand," rendered his administration memorable. Died in 1129. <section end="89M" /> <section begin="89N" />A´LBERO II., bishop and prince of Liege from 1136 till 1145. The condition of the principality, during his administration, formed a striking contrast to the tranquillity, security, and decorum maintained by his namesake Albero I. Summoned to Rome to account for his conduct, he died in Italy in 1145, on his return homewards.—E. M. <section end="89N" /> <section begin="89O" />ALBERONI,, a distinguished Italian painter and architect, flourishing at Bologna about the middle of the eighteenth century. <section end="89O" /> <section begin="89Zcontin" />ALBERO´NI,, Cardinal, a statesman of singular capacity and vigour, prime minister of Spain during an eventful period, was born of humble parentage in the vicinity of Piacenza in 1664. Having acquired distinguished proficiency in Latin and Italian literature, he visited Rome, where he perfected himself in various branches of science and literature. On visiting Piacenza, he was engaged to accompany a deputation from the government of Parma to the duke of Vendome, commander of the French forces in Italy, who retained him as secretary and counsellor. Alberoni went to Paris with the duke in 1706, attended him during his campaign in Flanders, and was mainly instrumental in arranging his appointment as commander-in-chief of the armies of Philip V. of Spain, whither he accompanied him. In 1713 Alberoni was appointed the duke of Parma's agent at the court of Madrid; and in September, 1714, through his adroitness, the Princess Elizabeth Farnese of Parma became queen of Spain. In a few months afterwards he was appointed prime minister. He was also made a cardinal, and bishop of Malaga. His great ambition was to restore Spain to her previous power and splendour, and his efforts would, to a great extent at least, have been crowned with success, had not the impatience of the Spanish court forced him to engage reluctantly in premature hostilities, and had not reverses, for which he was not to blame, brought his brief administration to an untimely close.

So ignominious and exorbitant appeared to Philip the concessions extorted from Spain by the treaty of Utrecht, that he naturally meditated seizing the first opportunity to assert his rights, and, in particular, to recover his Italian dominions. There existed a powerful Spanish party in Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, and it was on the ground of attempting to foment its disaffection to Austria, that the emperor ordered the arrest of the Spanish ambassador in Italy. This at once determined the Spanish court, in spite of the faithful and judicious counsels of Alberoni, to commence hostilities. In August, 1717, a Spanish fleet with 9000 troops landed in Sardinia, and in two months reduced the whole island. This conquest, and the equipment of a second expedition at Barcelona, led to the quadruple alliance. A British fleet, under Admiral Byng, was sent to the Mediterranean. The Spanish armament had reached Sicily, Palermo <section end="89Zcontin" />