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BOU known as viscount de Turenne, his title of duke of Bouillon not having been assumed till his marriage with the heiress of the estates of Bouillon in 1591. During the war of the League he was lieutenant-general of the armies of Henry of Navarre, during whose reign in France he might have attained great influence, had he not, by his restlessness and ambition, lost the favour of the king. The latter part of his life was spent in a series of intrigues, entered upon with a view to self-aggrandisement, by which the whole of France was frequently thrown into disturbance. He died in 1623.—W. M.  BOUILLON,, duc de, was born in 1492, and became a marshal of France in 1547. He served for a time under Charles V., but considering himself injured by a decree of the Aulic council, he afterwards entered into friendly relations with France, and declared war against the emperor. Notwithstanding the indirect assistance which Bouillon received from France, Charles invaded his territories with a large division of his army, and possessed himself of every position of importance, with the single exception of Sedan. Bouillon did not recover possession of his duchy till 1532. In the following year he defended Hesdin against the imperialists, commanded by Emanuel-Philibert, duke of Savoy; and in the assault by which the city was taken, he fell into the hands of the besiegers. He was kept prisoner till 1556. In that year he obtained his release, but before he could return to France his death took place.—W. M.  BOUILLON-LAGRANGE,, a distinguished French physician and chemist, was born on the 12th July, 1767, at Paris, where he early commenced the study of chemistry and pharmacy; and after passing several years at the head of one of the principal pharmaceutical establishments in that capital, was appointed apothecary to the household of the Emperor Napoleon. In this position he made the campaigns of Austria and Prussia. After his return to Paris he devoted himself with great zeal to the improvement of the process for the manufacture of sugar from the beet root, and in 1813 published a report upon this subject, under the auspices of the minister of the interior. Subsequently he became professor of chemistry at the school of pharmacy in Paris, and died in that city on the 24th August, 1844. His works, which are rather numerous, relate for the most part to pharmaceutical chemistry; they are of considerable value.—W. S. D.  BOUILLOT,, born at Philippeville, 3d March, 1750, author of "Biographical accounts of Eminent Persons born in that province of the Ardennes," the name of which sounds musical in the ears of all those who have followed the melancholy Jacques into its old romantic forest. As an enthusiast regarding the same locality, the name of Bouillot merits favour. He was one of those priests who accompanied Gobel, archbishop of Paris, to the bar of the national convention, and joined the frightened apostate in his renunciation of christianity. Upon the return of more tranquil times, Bouillot repented of his criminal weakness, and was received back into the church. He still followed his literary taste by contributions to biographical publications, in which he was still engaged at the time of his death in 1833.—J. F. C.  BOUILLY,, born at Tours in 1763; originally a member of the bar, he, when the Revolution broke out, joined the party of Mirabeau, of Barnave, and of those who, while ardent friends of liberty, wished well to the king. Appointed public prosecutor in his own native department, he executed his difficult and dangerous duties with all possible moderation. A few years afterwards he quitted his profession for the drama, and wrote a number of plays which, although well received at the time, are not sufficiently stirring and vivacious for the taste of the present day. Bouilly was emphatically a man of sentiment. He found his true vein when he began those studies of the female heart, to which he declares that he devoted many years of his life. His writings upon female education, embracing the four stages of existence, according to his own classification, raised him to a sort of authority, for he tells with evident satisfaction of the numerous applications that were made to him for advice. He became a sort of lay director, whose infallible counsels would be trustingly sought in nice cases of conduct. His successful treatment of "pains of the heart," and his delicate guidance through critical positions had, as he boasts in the fulness of his satisfaction, made him feel young at seventy. His ideal of a happy close of existence would be to find his steps guided by a "fair young girl lending her ear to the old story teller." This amiable being lived to a good round age. He died in April, 1842.—J. F. C.  BOUJAS,, a Spanish painter, born at Santiago in 1672. He studied under Giordano at Madrid, but was driven home by the wars of succession.—W. T.  BOUJAS,, a Spanish historical painter, born at Santiago about 1672. He was a pupil, at Madrid, of Luca Jordano, and died about 1726.—W. T.  BOULAINVILLIERS,, born at Saint-Saire in Normandy in 1658, and died in 1722; son of Francis, comte de Boulainvilliers. He first thought of a military life, and made a campaign or two with distinguished success. His father died and left his affairs in so ruinous a condition that the young officer was obliged to retire from the army, and occupied himself with the study of French history. It is not easy to study earnestly without seeking to bring facts into a sort of unity by theory of one kind or other, and Boulainvilliers persuaded himself that the feudal system was the chef-d'œuvre of the human intellect. His theory yielded to one of Montesquieu's, and that in its turn has lost ground. Boulainvilliers wrote a great many books on French history, several of which were printed after his death. Some are said to remain still in manuscript.—J. A., D. <section end="750H" /> <section begin="750I" />BOULANGER,, a French painter, born at Troyes in 1606. He went young to Bologna, and entered Guide's school. He afterwards became court painter to the duke of Modena, and established an academy. Died in 1660.—W. T. <section end="750I" /> <section begin="750J" />BOULARD,, born 5th September, 1754, in Champagne, a man whose name deserves to be held in remembrance by all who love literature. His own contributions to letters consisted chiefly of translations from the English. During the Reign of Terror he concealed in his house La Harpe and some other persecuted writers, at great risk to his own safety. His benevolence, ever of the highest kind, assumed a peculiar turn. It became fixed upon the venders of old secondhand books. Many a time has he purchased the whole stock-in-trade of a poor bookseller, and a hawker of odd volumes was sure to open his easily accessible heart. He was, in fact, the Mæcenas of the book stalls. Successively a member of the corps legislatif and of the senate, he availed himself of his position to mark his veneration for great literary reputations. He it was who caused to be restored the tombs of Boileau, of Descartes, of Montfavein, and of Mabillon. His library, at his death, which took place on 6th of May, 1820, numbered half a million of volumes, the greater part of which had been purchased at stalls for the sake of helping humble traders in a business which was, to him, a sign of liberal mind.—J. F. C. <section end="750J" /> <section begin="750K" />BOULARD,, a Parisian upholsterer, famous for his extensive charities. He was brought up at the hospital of La Pitié, his father having died when he was only four years of age. Apprenticed to an upholsterer, he became a skilful workman; received from Marie Antoinette an appointment to superintend the furniture of the palace; was afterwards similarly employed by the emperor, and notwithstanding the inroads which his liberality to workmen and persons in distress made on the yearly returns of his business, amassed a large fortune, the whole of which, with the exception of small sums to his relatives, he bequeathed to charitable institutions. Died in 1825.—J. S., G. <section end="750K" /> <section begin="750L" />* BOULAY-PATY,, born at Donges in 1804. His poems, crowned by the French Academy at a time when the opposition of that body to what they denounced as the ideas and fancies of the romantic school attached peculiar significance to their approbation, drew marked attention to M. Boulay-Paty. The duke of Orleans made him his private secretary. His works are not numerous, though esteemed.—J. F. C. <section end="750L" /> <section begin="750M" />* BOULE, a loose dramatic writer, only known for his participation in compositions for the stage.—J. F. C. <section end="750M" /> <section begin="750N" />BOULE,, a celebrated French cabinetmaker, specimens of whose elegant designs and surpassing workmanship were to be found in every court in Europe in the seventeenth century, was born at Paris in 1642, and died in 1732. He was engraver in ordinary to Louis XIV., and held a patent for that office, in which he was designated architect, painter, and sculptor in mosaic. His style of work was highly ornate. <section end="750N" /> <section begin="750O" />BOULGARIN. See. <section end="750O" /> <section begin="750Zcontin" />BOULLANGER,, celebrated as a preacher under the title of petit peré André, an Augustine monk, born at Paris in 1578; died in 1657. In his sermons, according to the manner of the age, he mingled an occasional pleasantry with his doctrine <section end="750Zcontin" />