Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/718

BON Augustine age, and point out grave errors in grammar and prosody. His poems were published at Paris, 1587, 8vo, under the title of "Pancharis," the name of an imaginary mistress. They are also to be found with the Juvenilia of Th. de Beze in the Amænitates Poeticæ, Paris, 1754, 12mo.—J. G.  BONNEFOY,, a French theologian, born in 1749 in the diocese of Vaison; died in 1830. He refused to take the oath exacted of the clergy by the constituent assembly, and in consequence was obliged to emigrate. On his return to France, he engaged in the composition of a history of the Revolution, devoting all his time to the work, and had prepared it for the press, when he died suddenly of apoplexy.  BONNER,, bishop of London, was born of poor but respectable parentage at Stanley in Worcestershire, and was educated by an ancestor of Nicholas Lechmere, a baron of the exchequer in the reign of King William. He was entered a student of Broadgate hall (now Pembroke college), Oxford, in 1512, became bachelor of the canon, and took orders in 1519, and in 1525 received the degree of doctor of canon law. Except as a canonist his learning was not remarkable, but his dexterity in the management of affairs was sufficient to gain him preferment. He became commissary for the faculties to Cardinal Wolsey, and was in attendance on that prelate when he was arrested at Cawood. After the death of his patron he insinuated himself into the favour of Henry VIII., who made him one of his chaplains. This promotion converted him into a Lutheran, and a zealous advocate of the king's divorce. Cromwell recognizing his talents for diplomacy, also took him under his particular patronage. In 1532, after having been envoy at several courts, he was sent along with Sir Edward Karne to excuse at Rome Henry's refusal to answer the pope's citation. Next year he was despatched to Clement VII. at Marseilles, charged to deliver Henry's appeal from the papal court to a general council. The message was not conciliatory, and the messenger was a furious priest. Clement proposed to toss him into a caldron of melted lead. In 1538 Bonner was nominated to the bishopric of Hereford, but before consecration was translated to London. At the time of the king's death in 1547, he was ambassador at the court of the Emperor Charles V. A few months after that event he began to have scruples about his conduct under the late reign—he would no longer renounce and deny the bishop of Rome, nor would he swear obedience to the king while a minor. He even protested against the royal injunction and homilies. This refractory behaviour cost him an imprisonment in the Fleet, whereupon he recalled his protest, submitted to the king's grace, and promised to help on to the utmost of his power the work of the Reformation. But although after this he conformed outwardly to recent changes in ecclesiastical rule, his convictions were with the party who had suffered from them, and hence he continued to be an object of suspicion to the ministry. In August, 1549, he was summoned before the privy council, and after being subjected to a reproof for negligence in the discharge of his duties, enjoined to preach a sermon at St. Paul's cross, deprecating rebellion, Romish ceremonialism, and enforcing the right of a king, even while a minor, to make laws. On September 1st the prescribed sermon was delivered. It turned altogether upon rebellion and ceremonies, and ignored the question of obedience to sovereigns under age. Bonner was again brought before the council, and this time deprived of his bishopric. He was in prison when Mary entered London, August, 1553. A month afterwards, the sentence deposing him from his see was reversed by a commission called, it may be said, for that purpose. In 1554 he was made vicegerent and president of the convocation in room of Cranmer, who was committed to the tower. Armed with unlimited authority, he proceeded to reform the church after its reformation; to revive the ceremony of the mass, and burn all who professed abhorrence of it; to turn out the reformed bishops and supply their places with his own minions; to vindicate Romanism by fire and fagot till every heart should quail at the mention of dissent; and to indulge the brutal cruelty of his disposition by whipping prisoners with his own hand. In 1555 and the three following years, two hundred innocent persons were burned at the stake by order of this mitred Nero. The brutality of his conduct when executing the commission to degrade Cranmer reminds us of Judge Jefferies, and of him alone. On Elizabeth's accession, Bonner and other prelates repaired to Highgate to congratulate the new sovereign. He read his fate in the reception they met with. Each was allowed to kiss her hand, except Bonner. In May, 1559, he was called before the privy council, and asked to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy. He refused, was deposed from his see, and committed to the Marshalsea, where he died in 1569.—J. S., G.  BONNET,, a French jesuit, born at Limoges in 1634; died at Lunel in 1700. He left a Latin panegyric on Louis XIV., and a work entitled "Pax Lud. XIV. et Mariæ Theresiæ Austriacæ conjugio sancita," 1660.  * BONNET,, a French surgeon, who has devoted much attention to the management of prisons. His earliest work is a "Treatise on Diseases of the Liver," published at Paris in 1828. In 1844 he produced three works—"On the Modifications to be introduced into the Prisons of France;" "On the Penitential Systems;" and "On Solitary Confinement."  BONNET,, a naturalist and philosopher, was born at Geneva on 13th March, 1720, and died in the same town of water in the chest, on 17th June, 1793. His family were originally French, and were expatriated in 1572, after the dreadful slaughter of St. Bartholomew's day. He devoted much attention to natural history, and in 1745 published a treatise on insects, in which he gives interesting views of the structure and reproduction of these animals. He took his degree of doctor of laws in 1743, and afterwards was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1752 he was made a member of the grand council in the republic of Geneva. To vegetable physiology he has also devoted his attention, and in 1754 published a valuable work on the use of the leaves of plants, in which he detailed numerous experiments in vegetable absorption and respiration. He subsequently published essays on psychology, and on the mental powers, as well as a work on the origin and reproduction of organized bodies. In 1764-65 his work on the contemplation of nature appeared; and in 1773 his philosophical researches into the truth of christianity. In 1783 he was elected honorary member of the Academies of Sciences of Paris and of Berlin. A genus of plants was called by Wahl, Bonnetia, in honour of Bonnet.—J. H. B.  BONNET or BONET, B., rabbi, a native of Lattes, near Montpellier, was a profound mathematician, astronomer, and physician. When obliged to leave his country through his adherence to his faith, he found a protector in Pope Leo X., to whom he dedicated an astronomical work, in which the rabbi explains the use of a curious astronomical instrument invented by him, and by means of which the hour could be ascertained at any time of the day or of the night. Bonnet came to Rome in 1498.—(E. Carmoly, Histoire des Médecins Juifs.)—T. T.  BONNET or BONET,, a Swiss physician, born at Geneva in the year 1615, took his degree at the early age of nineteen, and soon acquired such a reputation that patients came to consult him from foreign countries. He visited France in 1668, and stayed for some time in Paris, where his attainments appear to have aroused some little envy. Jean Bonnet died at Geneva on the 25th December, 1688. The only work ascribed to his pen is a "Traité de la Circulation des Esprits Animaux," published at Paris in 1682; but this is said to have been written by another person.—W. S. D. <section end="718H" /> <section begin="718I" />BONNET,, a French Benedictine, prior of St. Germer de Flée, born in 1653. In 1696 he began a work, "Biblia maxima Patrum," a collection of patriotic commentaries, on which he laboured till his death in 1705. <section end="718I" /> <section begin="718J" />BONNET or BONET,, a Swiss physician, was born at Geneva on the 5th March, 1620, took his degree as doctor of medicine in 1643, and afterwards practised with great reputation in his native city, where he died on the 29th March, 1689. He was the author of numerous treatises on medicine and surgery, but he is most celebrated as having, to a certain extent, originated the science of pathological anatomy. The most important of his works were written during the last ten years of his life, when, being afflicted with deafness, he was compelled to relinquish his practice. His chief work, entitled "Sepulchretum Anatomicum, seu Anatome Practica," &c., was published in 1679, and a new edition, with corrections and additions by Mauget, appeared in 1700.—W. S. D. <section end="718J" /> <section begin="718Knop" />* BONNETTY,, a distinguished French theological writer, born at Entrevaux in 1798. He has conducted since 1830 the monthly journal, Annales de Philosophie Chretienne, and since 1836, l'Université Catholique, both periodicals of extensive popularity. In 1845 Pope Gregory XVI. conferred on him the order of St. Gregory the Great. <section end="718Knop" />