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ADR as of the rights of civil rulers, he tried to attain a supremacy over the metropolitans of the West, the churches of the East, and the secular power everywhere. He claimed Bulgaria, as if dependent on the see of Rome; and, by arrogating jurisdiction throughout the East, compelled the Eastern churches to assert their independence, and withdraw from intercommunion with the pope. This schism occurred when the celebrated Plotinus was patriarch of Constantinople. Adrian died in 872.

., a native of Rome, succeeded Marinus in 884. His name was Agapetus, which he changed into Adrian on assuming the pontificate; thus introducing the usage followed by his successors, of changing their names when raised to the papal dignity. He strenuously resisted the claims of the emperors of Germany to interfere with the elections of the popes; and permanently confirmed the existing schism, by persisting in the claims of his immediate predecessors to jurisdiction over the churches of the East. He died on his way to a Diet at Worms in 885, after a pontificate of about 18 months.

., an Englishman, and the only native, of the British isles that ever obtained the Roman tiara, succeeded Anastasius IV. in December, 1154. He raised himself from the humblest origin by his great capacity and force of character. He was born near St. Albans, and his name was Nicholas Breakspeare. Quitting England at an early age, to push his fortune on the continent, he was admitted into the abbey of St. Rufus in Provence, where he gradually rose from the menial position of lay-brother, till, in 1137, he was elected abbot. Having, through the envy of some of the monks, been denounced by the fraternity to Pope Eugenius III., the abbot repaired to Rome to meet the charges. Eugenius, on examining the case, was at once convinced of Breakspeare's innocence; and, in conversing with him, was so much struck with his talents and spirit, that he informed the monks he required the abbot's services elsewhere, directed them to appoint another superior, made Breakspeare bishop of Alba and a cardinal, and sent him on a mission to Denmark and Norway, where he made numerous converts from paganism, and established an archiepiscopal see at Upsal. Returning to Rome, he was received with high respect by Pope Anastasius, whose successor he became in 1154, taking the name of Adrian IV. Henry II. of England obtained from Adrian permission to undertake the conquest of Ireland, "on condition that one penny should be annually paid to the pope for every house in the island." Adrian was one of the most vigorous and intrepid asserters of the papal claims to universal supremacy. He crushed the efforts of the Roman people to establish a republic; succeeded, by the terrors of his interdicts, in causing Arnold of Brescia, a disciple of Abelard, to be seized and delivered to the flames; compelled William, king of Sicily, to acknowledge the pope as feudal superior, and pay an annual tribute; treated the emperor with boundless arrogance; extorted from him the most humiliating submission; and finally transmitted to his successors an enduring contest between the imperial crown and the Roman tiara. Adrian, in his private capacity, continued to exhibit great simplicity of manners, truthfulness, and justice. In conversing with his countryman, John of Salisbury, he declared he often looked back with a sigh to the happiness he enjoyed in his original humble position, and almost regretted he had ever left England, as his subsequent advancement, and especially his elevation to the papal chair, had afforded him no real satisfaction. He died in September, 1159, and was succeeded by Alexander III.

. succeeded Innocent V. in 1276, but died 38 days after his election. He was a native of Genoa, nephew of Innocent VI. His original name was Ottobini. His uncle sent him as legate to England in 1254, to appease the dissensions between Henry III. and his barons; and in 1265 he was again appointed to the same legation by Clement III.

VI., Pope, born at Utrecht in 1459, studied there first, and afterwards at Louvain. His general abilities, and his proficiency in philosophy and theology were respectable, but he never evinced much taste for polite literature. He became professor of theology, and vice-chancellor of the university of Louvain; and was appointed by the Emperor Maximilian I. preceptor to his grandson, afterwards Charles V. Adrian was subsequently sent as ambassador to Spain, where he was raised successively to the highest dignities, both ecclesiastical and civil. In 1517 he was made a cardinal by Leo X., and in 1522 was elected Leo's successor in the papal chair. His election was mainly owing to the influence of Charles V., but also, in no small degree, to a difficulty among the cardinals in the choice of any other individual, and their expectation that either Adrian's unambitious disposition would lead him to decline the dignity, or that his age and infirmities would soon cause a new vacancy. On arriving at Rome, Adrian soon found his new position was not likely to prove a bed of roses. His indifference to light literature and the fine arts, and his grave manners and pious conversation, awakened the contempt and aversion of the gay assemblage of wits, poets, scholars, and artists, that had found the brilliant but godless court of Leo X. a congenial resort; and his inexorable determination to discountenance luxury, folly, and vice, and to restore ecclesiastical discipline, soon rendered him intensely unpopular among the licentious citizens and libertine clergy of Rome. Alarmed at the spread of the Reformation, he sought to save the Roman catholic church, by a removal of flagrant abuses, and a thorough purification of clerical morality; but his zeal made him odious to multitudes within the church, while his candour stimulated her external assailants. He died in 1523. His epitaph records that he deemed his elevation to the papal dignity the greatest of his misfortunes.—E. M.  ADRIAN, the first bishop of St. Andrews. He was killed by the Danes. 872.  ADRIAN, surnamed the, resided in the Chartreuse near Gertrudenberg, and in 1410 wrote a dissertation entitled "Liber de Remediis Utriusque Fortunæ, Prosperæ scilicet et Adversæ."  ADRIAN, called also DE CASTELLO, a cardinal of historical celebrity, a man of distinguished learning, and a zealous patron of literature, was born about 1458 at Corneto in Tuscany. He was papal nuncio in Scotland and in England, and became a special favourite of Henry VII., who appointed him bishop of Hereford, and afterwards of Bath and Wells. He became secretary, confidential minister, and treasurer to Pope Alexander VI., by whom he was raised to the dignity of cardinal. He narrowly escaped being poisoned by the infamous Cæsar Borgia, who sought to appropriate the wealth Adrian had acquired. During the pontificate of Julius II., Adrian retired from Rome to avoid, it is said, a prosecution for peculation. He returned on the accession of Leo X.; but being afterwards accused of complicity in the conspiracy of Cardinal Petrucci, was again obliged to flee. The subsequent events of his life are indistinctly known. It is generally supposed he was murdered by a domestic, whose sole object was to rob him of the money and other precious articles in his treasury. Besides various Latin poems of great purity and elegance of diction, Adrian published "De Vera Philosophia," and "De Sermone Latino, et de Modis Latinè Loquendi."—E. M.  ADRIAN, the last Russian primate who held the patriarchal dignity, the suppression of which, after Adrian's death, was perhaps the most important, and certainly the most legitimate, of all the resolute and salutary measures of Peter the Great.  * ADRIAN,, an accomplished German professor and author, born at Klingenberg-on-the-Maine, 1793. After serving as a volunteer in the war against France in 1813 and 1814, he completed his academical studies at Wurzburg. He subsequently travelled in Italy, England, and France. In 1823 he was appointed professor of modern languages in the university of Giessen. His works are numerous and interesting, among which are "Pictures from England;" "Sketches from England;" "A Provençal Grammar and Chrestomathy;" "The Grecian Priestesses;" "Historical and Literary Essays." He published some German imitations of Byron's poetry, and superintended a translation of that poet's collected works.—E. M.  ADRIANI: three distinguished Florentines bear this name—a father, son, and grandson. The first, , born in 1464, was a professor of literature in his native city, and was made chancellor of the republic in 1498. He is the author of a translation of the Dioscorides, and of several treatises and orations. He died in 1521. His son,, was born in 1513; was a student of classical literature, but was obliged to join the army when his country was attacked by Charles V. and the Medici. The last thirty years of his life he spent as professor of eloquence in the university of Florence, where he died in 1579. His best-known work is a history of his own time, which he wrote at the request of the Grand-duke Cosmo. It embraces the period from 1536 to 1574, and is much esteemed as an excellent continuation of the 