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BAV 1714. , his son, took in 1741 the title of archduke; and in 1742 he was elected emperor at Frankfort, under the title of Charles VII. He died in 1745, and was succeeded by his son, Maximilian Joseph.

I., applied himself with zeal and ability to the cares of his government, and laboured to promote the prosperity of his subjects. He patronized agriculture and mining operations, reformed the schools, and introduced many important ameliorations into the administration of justice, of police, and of the finances. In 1759 he founded the Academy of Sciences at Munich. He was also a generous protector of the fine arts. He died in 1777, without leaving any posterity, and was succeeded by. During the reign of this prince, who was also childless, arose the war of the Bavarian succession, which was not terminated until the peace of Teschen in 1779. The internal troubles of the country during this reign, led to the almost total extinction of the liberty of the press, which even before this period had not been without restriction.

, succeeded in 1799. At the peace of Lunéville, concluded 9th February, 1801, France was guaranteed in the possession of the left bank of the Rhine, and Bavaria lost all her possessions situated on that river. Bavaria also ceded to the elector of Baden that part of the palatinate situated on the right of the Rhine, but obtained in return a considerable extent of other territories, with a population of 216,000. Bavaria has since become of considerable importance as a European state, and the elector has obtained the title of king, with full sovereignty. Maximilian Joseph died 13th October, 1825, and was succeeded by his son I.—G. M.  BAVEREL,, a litterateur, born at Paris 1744; died 1822. He made himself remarkable by a controversy with Prudent about a disease that attacked the vineyards of Franche Comtè. He also wrote a tract on the subject of mortmain. He embraced the principles of the Revolution, and was confined for a year in the Chateau Dijon.  BAVIA,, a Spanish historian, born at Madrid; died in 1628. Author of a "History of the Popes."  BAVIERE,, surnamed , bishop of Liege, a turbulent prelate of the commencement of the fifteenth century. The inhabitants of Liege revolted against his tyranny, but were defeated at the battle of Othée. He quitted his diocese in 1418, to espouse the widow of Anthony, duke of Burgundy.  BAVILLE,, a French general, born at Fronton, Lot-et-Garonne, 11th December, 1757; died at Magdeburg, 24th October, 1813. He took part in the American campaigns from 1780 to 1783, and afterwards served in the armies of the Rhine and Moselle until 9th January, 1796, when he was appointed commandant of the Hotel des Invalides. His death was occasioned by a wound which he had received at the battle of Liebnitz on the 27th August, 1813.—G. M.  BAWR,, baronne de, a dramatic and romance writer, born at Stuttgart in 1776, of French parents. Her first husband, Saint Simon, the future head of the celebrated sect which bears his name, discovered that not being the first of her sex, she could not be the fit wife for the "greatest man in the world," and for this reason divorced her. Determined to prove that, if not the first woman in the world, she possessed high talents, the repudiated lady wrote several plays and other compositions of distinguished merit. She married the baron de Bawr, but was once more unfortunate, although this time the blow came from the hand of Providence. Her husband was accidentally killed, and she had again to resume her pen, which she did with success. She held a very respectable position amongst dramatic writers.—J. F. C.  BAXTER,, author of a work on the soul, was the son of a merchant in Old Aberdeen, where he was born in 1686 or 1687, and where he received a liberal education in the university. He seems to have been chiefly employed in the capacity of a tutor, and had among his pupils several young noblemen and gentlemen of distinguished families. In 1741 he went with Mr. Hay of Drummelzier, one of his pupils, to Utrecht, where he resided some years, and thence made incursions into Flanders, France, and Germany. In 1724 he had married the daughter of Mr. Mebane, a minister in the county of Berwick, and, while he was abroad, his wife and family seem to have resided at Berwick-on-Tweed. In 1747 he returned to Scotland, and resided in East Lothian till his death, which took place in 1750, at Whittingham, where he was buried in the family vault of Mr. Hay. Dugald Stewart says, "I have not been able to discover the date of the first edition of his 'Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul,' but the second appeared in 1737." His object in this treatise is to establish the doctrine of the immateriality of the soul, and he dwells largely on the vis inertiæ of matter, and on the nature of body and force, as furnished by the physics of Newton. In this work he has an Essay on Dreaming, in which he maintains that the phantasms which present themselves in our sleep, are not the work of the soul itself, but are prompted by separate immaterial beings. In 1750 was published, "An Appendix to his Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul," and in it he endeavours to obviate some of the objections which had been started against his views of the vis inertiæ of matter by Maclaurin, in his account of Newton's discoveries. After his death the Rev. Dr. Duncan of S. Warmborough published "The Evidence of Reason in Proof of the Immortality of the Soul, independent on the more abstruse inquiry into the nature of matter and spirit, collected from the MSS. of Mr. Baxter," London, 1779. The Treatise on the Soul was spoken of by Warburton in the Divine Legation, as containing the "justest and precisest notion of God and the soul," &c.; upon which D. Stewart remarks, "to this unqualified praise, I must confess I do not think Baxter's Inquiry altogether entitled, though I readily acknowledge that it displays considerable ingenuity as well as learning. Some of the remarks on Berkeley's argument against the existence of matter, are acute and just, and, at the time when they were published, had the merit of novelty." He has expounded some views in regard to space and time, which show that he had risen above the doctrine of Locke.—(Stewart's Dissertation.)—J. M'C.  BAXTER,, an eminent nonconformist divine, was born at the village of Rowton in Shropshire, on the 12th of November, 1615. His father was a freeholder possessed of a moderate estate, and to his instructions and example young Richard was indebted for his first religious convictions. The seeds of piety then sown in his heart were cherished and fostered till they exhibited permanent fruit in the character. In his youth he had few advantages of education, having been placed under various clergymen who were either incompetent or immoral. He received his classical education from Mr. John Owen, master of the free school at Wroxeter, who recommended, that instead of being sent to the university, he should be put under the tuition of Mr. Richard Wickstead, chaplain to the council at Ludlow. Here he had time for reading and self-improvement. On returning home from Ludlow, his views seem to have been directed to the ministry; and therefore he put himself under the care of Mr. Garbet, minister of Wroxeter, for farther instruction in theology. In 1633, when he was in his eighteenth year, he was advised by Wickstead to relinquish his design of the ministry, and try his fortune at court; accordingly, with the concurrence of his parents, he was introduced to Sir Henry Newport, then master of the revels. But he was soon disgusted with a court life; and his mother being ill, and requesting his return, he left the place for ever. After the death of his mother, his mind was more fully intent upon the ministerial office. He was therefore ordained by Bishop Brownrig in 1638 at Worcester, and received a license to teach as master of the free school at Dudley, to which situation he had just been appointed. He frequently preached in the upper church of that town, and in the neighbouring villages. Here he studied the question of nonconformity, and arrived at the conclusion that subscription, the cross in baptism, and the promiscuous giving of the Lord's supper, could not be maintained. Having remained in Dudley about a year, he removed to Bridgnorth, where he preached with some success, and was not obliged to do the things about which he scrupled. Here he was greatly tried by the et cetera oath, which expressed universal approval of the doctrine and discipline of the established church, and a determination to alter nothing in it. He resolved not to take this oath. After staying about a year and three quarters at Bridgnorth, he was invited to Kidderminster, where he removed in 1640, and continued, though not without interruption, sixteen years. Here his ministry was attended with much success; the rude, ignorant, immoral inhabitants being awakened by his earnest preaching and the morals of the town greatly improved. In about two years after his settlement, the civil wars drove him away. In consequence of a violent attack on his life by a mob he withdrew to Gloucester, where he found the people civil an religious. Returning to Kidderminster in about a month, he saw <section end="458Zcontin" />