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BAR a few months after the battle. Whatever time was not occupied with his duties to his prince, was spent by him at his castle of Bartas in the composition of poems, which attracted in his own day universal admiration, then passed into becoming the subject of ridicule almost as universal, and are now all but forgotten. "La Première Semaine" (The Week of Creation), is said to have passed through thirty editions within six years; was translated into Latin, Italian, Spanish, German, and English. The French critics declaim against the barbarism of Du Bartas' style, which some of them characteristically refer to his having lived at such a distance from Paris.—J. A., D.  BARTELS,, a German physician, born at Brunswick on the 26th December, 1778. He studied medicine at Jena, and was successively professor of anatomy and physiology at Helmstädt, Marburg, and Breslau. In 1827, on the death of C. A. W. Berends, he took the chair of clinical medicine at the university of Berlin, in which city he died on the 26th June, 1838. He was the author of several works on medical and other scientific subjects—chemistry and physics, physiology and natural history.—W. S. D.  BARTELS,, a Dutch painter of history and portraits, born in 1570. His works are scarce and highly valued.  BARTH or BART, a celebrated French seaman, was born at Dunkirk in 1654. After some service in the Dutch and French navies, he became captain of a privateer, with a license from Louis XIV. to cruise in the Mediterranean. He was taken prisoner by the English, and confined at Plymouth, but escaping on board a fishing-boat, returned to France. Louis gave him the command of a vessel, with which, eluding the blockade established by the English at the port of Dunkirk, he earned further laurels by a successful cruise against the Dutch. He was then promoted to the command of a squadron—a compliment which the bluff sailor acknowledged at court in these words: "Sire," said he to Louis le Grand, "you have done well." His active career was terminated by the peace of Ryswick. He died at Dunkirk in 1702. One anecdote, of the many which are related of this indomitable sailor, completely expresses his character. He commanded the squadron which, accompanying to Elsinore the prince of Conti, king of Poland elect, was attacked by the English and nearly taken. After the action the prince expressed his joy at having escaped being made prisoner. "We had nothing to fear on that score," replied Barth; "my son was in the gun-room ready to blow us up, if anything had happened."—J. S., G.  BARTH,, author of "Deutschlands Urgeschichte" (The Primeval History of Germany), a highly ingenious and learned work, and other writings relating to German antiquities. He was born at Baireuth in 1775, and held important posts under the Bavarian government.—K. E.  BARTH,, an eminent German traveller, was born at Hamburg, 18th April, 1821. After having been educated at the gymnasium of his native town, he devoted himself to the study of philology and archæology in the university of Berlin, and whilst yet a student travelled through Italy and Spain. In 1844 he took his degree at Berlin, and then went to London in order to acquire the English and Arabic languages. Some months after, he entered upon his first African journey, in which he explored the whole range of the northern coast of this continent. On his way to Egypt he was plundered and severely wounded by a band of robbers. Fortunately, he had early in 1846 crossed from Tunis to Malta, and there deposited the greater part of his papers and collections, or they would have been irretrievably lost. Having stayed for some time in Egypt, he pursued his way through Arabia, Palestine, and Asia Minor to Constantinople, whence, by way of Greece, he returned home, after an absence of three years. In the spring of 1848 he settled at Berlin, where he lectured on ancient geography, history of the Greek colonies, &c., and at the same time published his "Wanderungen durch die Kustenlander des Mittelmeeres in den Jahren 1845-47." The first volume of this work had scarcely appeared, when Barth and his countryman, Dr. Overweg, by the interposition of Chevalier Bunsen, were allowed to join the exploring expedition which was being sent to Central Africa under the auspices of the British government. The records of this celebrated expedition will be familiar to almost every reader. Barth's travels extended over vast tracts of country, the greatest part of which was untrodden ground. From his head-quarters at Kuka, the capital of Bornu, he visited Adamáwa, Yola, Kánem, Musgo, Bagírmi, Logón, &c.; he followed the course of the Niger for several hundred miles, and for seven months resided at Timbuctoo. Richardson, whose narrative was published in 1853, and Dr. Overweg, were removed by death; and after innumerable dangers and hardships, Barth came home alone in September, 1855, and almost in triumph entered his native town, where his father, a tradesman retired from business, who is said to have expended upwards of £2000 for the travels of his son, had lived to see him safely returned and crowned with success. The kings of Prussia and Wurtemberg sent their orders to the indefatigable explorer, and public curiosity and sympathy followed him everywhere. Taking up his residence in London, he, in 1857, published his "Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa," a most valuable work, also published in German under the title "Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord und Central-afrika." Barth died in London in November, 1865.—K. E.  BARTH,, a German celebrated for his improvements in typography. Died at Breslau, 1818.  BARTH,, a German orientalist, born at Nuremberg in 1635; died in 1688. Author of an Arabic version of the Gospels, and Acts of the Apostles. <section end="433H" /> <section begin="433I" />BARTHEE,, a German sculptor of the seventeenth century, established at Venice, where he studied under Giusti il Corto, the Short. His works in the church of the Frari in that city display all the eccentricities of the mannerism of the time. Died in 1674.—R. M. <section end="433I" /> <section begin="433J" />BARTHELEMON,, a musician, was born at Bordeaux in 1731, and died in London in 1808. He produced his opera, "Le Fleuve Scamandre," at Paris in 1763. Two years later he came to London, where he was engaged as chief of the orchestra at the King's Theatre. He wrote his Italian opera of "Pelopidas" for this establishment in 1766, which was brought out with extraordinary success; he was, in consequence, held in such esteem, that Garrick went to engage him to compose for Drury Lane, but doubting his ability to set the English language, he wrote the words of a song, to which Barthelemon should write the music as a test of his proficiency, reading the words over his shoulder as he penned them; the other simultaneously wrote music to them, and when the dramatist handed the poem to him, he, at the same time, presented his music to the astonished dramatist, who immediately concluded the engagement with him. Not only did this song (sung in the comedy of the Country Girl,) become very popular, but the operatic farce of A Peep behind the Curtain, for which he was especially engaged, was performed more than a hundred times during the season, and this success led to his composing music for several other pieces for the English theatre, among which Burgoyne's Maid of the Oaks is particularly to be mentioned. For some years he led the band at Vauxhall Gardens. In 1777 he made a musical tour through Germany and Italy, and in the latter married a singer, who returned with him in 1799, passing through France to London. In 1784 he was engaged with his wife at the Rotunda in Dublin. His wife was a composer as well as a singer, having published a volume of simple hymns and anthems. With all the credit he gained for his music, he was still more admired for his violin playing; his contemporaries praise warmly his broad and singing style, for which they consider him indebted to the example of the celebrated Abel.—G. A. M. <section end="433J" /> <section begin="433Zcontin" />BARTHELEMY,, a satirical poet, born at Marseilles in 1796. His first satire, directed against the monkish order of the Capuchins, appeared before he left his native place for the capital, where on arriving he seemed to change round; for he wrote an article in the ministerial journal, the "Drapeau Blanc," against the liberty of the press, of so telling a character that Charles X. sent him 1500 francs out of his privy purse. A duel, occasioned by his satirical muse, led to the friendship with his second on the occasion, Mery, which combined both in that literary partnership which united their names in a common celebrity. After several compositions in prose and verse, chiefly satirical—some from his single pen, and others in connection with Mery—appeared in 1829 the "Fils de L'Homme," a little poem, which was forthwith seized, and a prosecution directed against Barthelemy alone. He defended himself in person, but with so little success that he was condemned to three months' imprisonment and 1000 francs fine. Ministerial anger was the more embittered by a satire entitled "Waterloo," directed against the minister of war, General Bourmont, who on the eve of the battle went over to the allies. The <section end="433Zcontin" />