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BAR  or, lord of Villemenard and of Saint-Germain-du-Puy, younger brother of the preceding, after whose example he served as valet de chambre and equerry to Charles VII. He was at the same time occupied in the administration of finances. In 1445 he was nominated one of the first commissioners for the carrying out of the important reform known under the name of "D'etablissement de la milice d'ordonnance," and which consisted in substituting for the old anarchical bands a regular, permanent, national army.—G. M.  BAR, Counts and Dukes of, held possession of that province with the title of dukes from 958 until 1034, when they took no higher title than that of counts. In 1355 they again assumed the title of dukes, which they continued ever afterwards to retain. The lords of that name succeeded in the following order:—

or I., count of Bar, died in 984. He became count of the palace under Charles the Simple, and obtained the county of Bar by his marriage with Beatrix, niece of the king of Germany and sister of Hugh Capet. In 959 he became duke of Lorraine Mosellane, or High Lorrain.

I., son of the preceding, count of Bar, died 1024.

or II. lived about the first half of the eleventh century. He left two daughters, the elder of whom having married Louis, count of Montbelliard and of Mousson, recovered possession of the castle of Bar, which had been seized in 1037 by Eudes, count of Champagne.

III. succeeded to Thierri II., but was forced to abdicate in favour of his brother Renaud.

I., surnamed, died in 1150. Having made himself odious to his subjects, the people of Verdun several times threw off his yoke. He died on his return from the crusade, in which he had accompanied Louis the Young.

II., son of the preceding, died in 1170. He was constantly at war with his neighbours; and but for the mediation of Saint Bernard, he would have been involved in hostilities with the inhabitants of Metz.

I., son of the preceding, died in 1191. He accompanied Philip Augustus to the crusades, and died at Acre.

I., brother of the preceding, count of Bar, died in 1214. In 1211 he engaged in a crusade against the Albigenses.

Henry II., son of the preceding, died in 1240. He fought and distinguished himself at the battle of Bouvines; and after having several times ravaged Lorraine and Champagne, was made prisoner by Jean de Chalons and Henri de Vienne. He fell in battle against the Mussulmans.

II. succeeded his father, Count Henry II., at the beginning of the year 1240. Having taken part with the countess of Flanders, the celebrated Marguerite, in her contest with the children of her first husband, Bouchard d'Avesnes, he was taken prisoner, and detained several years in rigorous captivity. He died in 1296 or 1297, leaving two children by his second wife, Jeanne de Tocy.

III., successor of the preceding, died in 1302. He took part with his father-in-law, Edward I. of England, against Philip the Fair. In 1297 he was defeated near Comines by Jeanne de Navarre and taken prisoner. He recovered his liberty on condition of rendering homage to the king of France for the county of Bar. Having afterwards gone to the assistance of the kingdom of Cyprus, which had been invaded by the Turks, he died on his return.

I., son of the preceding, died in 1337. He fought at Cassel with Philip of Valois, and died at Cyprus.

, successor of Edward II. He made war on Lorraine, and married Marie of France, daughter of King John.

III., son of the preceding, died at the battle of Agincourt in 1415.

, cardinal-bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, brother and heir of the preceding, lived in the fifteenth century.—G. M.  * BAR,, a French general, born at Thiais, Seine, 13th December, 1783. In 1813 he was severely wounded at Bautzen; was made prisoner, and detained until the following year. After 1848 he was nominated colonel of the third legion of the National Guard; and in July, 1849, represented the department of the Seine.  BAR,, a French writer of the eighteenth century, author of a work entitled "Recueil de tous les Costumes des Ordres Religieuses et Militaires," &c.  BAR,, advocate, born at Anneville, Manche, in 1748; died in 1801. He practised as advocate at Thionville at the epoch of the Revolution, and was sent to the Convention by the department of the Moselle. He was one of those who voted for the death of Louis XVI. After the death of Robespierre he was appointed secretary of the Convention. He was afterwards a member of the council of Five Hundred, and latterly became president of the civil tribunal of Thionville.  BAR,, pope's legate in France, and afterwards a functionary at the court of Pope Gregory XIII., was a native of Sens, and died in 1617. He wrote "Ex quatuor evangelistarum textu confecta narratio."  BAR,, a French painter, established in Italy during the seventeenth century, and known in that country as by his son, surnamed, (the Lile), who especially excelled in sacred pictures—R. M.  BARAC-HAGER, Sultan, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century. He was sent by the king of the Moguls on an embassy to Mohammed, king of Khowaresme, by whom he was detained a prisoner. He afterwards became master of Kerman, and rendered himself independent governor of that province. He governed 11 years, and was succeeded by his eldest son. <section end="407H" /> <section begin="407I" />* BARAGA, an Illyrian missionary, author of a "History of the Indians of Western America," a translation of which was published at Paris in 1837. He was settled for some time on the shores of Lake Superior. <section end="407I" /> <section begin="407J" />BARAGUAY-D'HILLIERS,, a French general, born at Paris, 13th August, 1764; died at Berlin in 1812. He was lieutenant in the regiment of Alsace at the outbreak of the Revolution; and during a long course of service passed successively through all the different grades. In 1812, when commanding a division of the army of Russia, he had the misfortune, along with the greater part of his division, to fall into the hands of the enemy. He was suspended from his functions by Napoleon, who ordered an inquiry into his conduct; but Baraguay-d'Hilliers, unable to survive the mortification of having his bravery called in doubt, was seized at Berlin with an illness, of which he died.—G. M. <section end="407J" /> <section begin="407K" />* BARAGUAY-D'HILLIERS, a French general, son of the preceding, born 6th September, 1795. He entered the army at a very early age, and like his father, rose through all the subordinate grades to that of the rank of lieutenant-general, which he attained on the 6th August, 1843. He was representative of Doubs in the constituent and legislative assembles after the revolution of 1848, and he has since been invested with the grand cross of the legion of honour.—G. M. <section end="407K" /> <section begin="407L" />BARAK, son of Ahinoam, one of the judges of Israel, lived in the first half of the 13th century before the Christian era. <section end="407L" /> <section begin="407Zcontin" />BARAILLON,, physician, and member of the National Convention of France. He was born at Vierzat, January 12, 1743; died at Chambon, March 14, 1816. Before the Revolution he was physician at Chambon, and was well known by his dissertations on medicine and archæology. The opinions which he held obtained for him the appointment of justice of the peace of Chambon; and in September, 1792, he became deputy to the Convention. Towards the end of the same year, he accused the minister Pache of the bad organization of the army; in a short time afterwards he reproached Robespierre himself for his arrogant claims and badly-dissembled ambition. On the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for the detention of the monarch, and for his exile until the dispute had terminated. "I am not here," added he, "to judge criminals, my conscience refuses it." Latterly, he demanded of the executive power an account of the counter orders given to the National Guards, who went to the succour of Vendée, and proposed an amnesty in favour of the inhabitants of that country, who had laid down their arms. At the commencement of the year 3 he invoked the humanity of the Convention on behalf of the imprisoned priests. He urged them to accuse the public disturbers, and to prosecute the successors of Robespierre. On the 25th April, 1795, he became member of the commission of Public Instruction, and in this capacity he presented, on the 15th of June, 1796, a programme for the anniversary fête of the death of the king. He arranged on the 4th of February following, that the botanical gardens of Montpellier and Strasbourg should be connected with the schools of medicine; and organized in three months the central schools of seventeen departments. He criticised severely the system of the Polytechnic schools, of the secondary schools, and of the schools specially for medicine. At the end of <section end="407Zcontin" />
 * acquired a considerable fame, inherited