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ART ARTEDI,, an eminent naturalist, was born at Anund, in the province of Ingermanland, in Sweden, on 22nd February, 1705. In his youth he showed a leaning to natural history, and took an interest in the study of fishes. In 1724 he went to the university of Upsal, where he studied medicine and natural history. He became the intimate friend of Linnæus, and prosecuted along with him his studies at Upsal. He visited England in 1734, and subsequently went to Leyden, where he met Linnæus, and was introduced by him to Seba, an apothecary of Amsterdam, whom he assisted in bringing out a work on fishes. He had previously given aid in this department to Linnæus. His arrangement of fishes became popular in Europe. He died at the early age of thirty, on the 27th September, 1735, by accidentally falling into one of the canals at Amsterdam. His manuscripts came into the possession of Linnæus, and his "Bibliotheca Ichthyologica," and "Philosophia Ichthyologica," were published at Leyden in 1738. His botanical work was a treatise on the natural order "Umbelliferæ," in which he endeavoured to found generic characters on the involucre and involucel of these plants. A genus of umbelliferous plants was named by Linnæus Artedia, in honour of his friend.—J. H. B.  ARTEMIDORUS, a grammarian, 240 ., seems to have been a pupil of Aristophanes of Byzantium; only a few unimportant fragments of his works remain.  ARTEMIDORUS, a Greco-Roman painter of the first century of our era. He was one of the last adherents to the obsolete hieratic school, which was still in request to furnish images for temples of a strict orthodox character. The severity of his designs being no longer in accordance with the laxity in religious matters prevalent at the time, his works were the object of ridicule to the beaux esprits of Rome. Martial wrote an epigram upon a "Venus" by this artist, which he considered as better suited to represent a "Minerva."—R. M.  ARTEMIDORUS,, a Greek physician and grammarian, flourished in the reign of Adrian, 117-138. His edition of Hippocrates was held in esteem so late as the age of Galen.  ARTEMIDORUS, son of Theopompus, is said by Plutarch to have delivered to Cæsar, on the fatal Ides of March, a letter warning him of the conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius.  ARTEMIDORUS,, a Roman physician, born in Asia Minor, who attached himself to Verres, and aided him to destroy the temple of Diana at Perga, in 79.  ARTEMIDORUS,, was a native of Ephesus, and author of five books concerning dreams, "" is by some supposed to have flourished under the emperors Adrian and Antoninus Pius, and by others under Marcus Aurelius. His work, which is only valuable for the glimpses of ancient manners in which it abounds, was laboriously compiled from researches made in various countries, such as Greece and Italy, through which he journeyed in order to make the acquaintance of whoever, like himself, was reputed skilled in the interpretation of dreams.—J. S., G.  ARTEMIDORUS, a geographer, lived 104 ., travelled extensively in Europe and Asia, and wrote a "Description of the Earth," in eleven books, which seems to have been anciently much esteemed.—(See Geogr. Veteres, Oxford, 1703.) <section end="275H" /> <section begin="275I" />ARTEMISIA, daughter of Lygdamis, and queen of Caria by marriage, flourished 480 ., and furnished five ships to the expedition of Xerxes against Greece. She displayed so much bravery at the battle of Salamis, that Xerxes exclaimed, "the men behave like women, and the women like men." She passionately loved Dardanus, a gentleman of Abydus; and when he neglected her, threw herself from the promontory of Leucas (now Santa Maura), and was drowned.—T. J. <section end="275I" /> <section begin="275J" />ARTEMISIA, another queen of Caria, wife of Mausolus, who built to his memory a stately tomb called Mausoleum, considered one of the seven wonders of the world. She often visited the spot which contained his ashes, mingled the dust with water, and drinking it, exclaimed, that she wished to become the living sepulchre of her departed lord. Though so tender a widow, she was a vigorous governor; for she commanded in person her army in a war against the Rhodians, took possession of their island, and displayed much address in maintaining the sovereignty over them which she had acquired by her bravery. She lived in the fourth century .—T. J. <section end="275J" /> <section begin="275K" />ARTEMIUS or ARTHEMIUS, one of the martyrs of the Greek church, was commander-in-chief of the Roman forces in Egypt, towards the end of the reign of the Emperor Constantius. He aided George, bishop of Alexandria, in overthrowing the pagan altars of that city; and, for his zeal in that matter, was beheaded at Antioch, by Julian the Apostate, in 362.—J. S., G. <section end="275K" /> <section begin="275L" />ARTEMON, a Greek painter, flourishing about 340. He is said to have followed the exaggerated style of the school of Aristides. <section end="275L" /> <section begin="275M" />ARTEMON, a Syrian, who, in 187 ., after the death of Antiochus the Great, at the request of the queen, Laodice, personated that monarch whom he much resembled, and from his couch committed the queen and her children to the care of the courtiers who surrounded him. <section end="275M" /> <section begin="275N" />ARTEMON, a Greco-Roman sculptor, who, towards the end of the first century of our era, executed, with Pythodorus, several of the best statues in the palace of the Cæsars. <section end="275N" /> <section begin="275O" />ARTEMON, a Greek grammarian, mentioned by Athenæus as the author of a work entitled "Collection of Books," and of another entitled "Convivial Songs," lived about the year 300. <section end="275O" /> <section begin="275P" />ARTEMON,, a celebrated Greek engineer, said to have been the inventor of the "testudo" and of the battering ram, was present with Pericles at the siege of Samos. <section end="275P" /> <section begin="275Q" />ARTEMON, a Greek rhetorician, author of a history of Sicily, of which the only remains are the portions cited by the grammarians. <section end="275Q" /> <section begin="275R" />ARTEMON or ARTEMAS, a heretic of the third century, founder of the sect of the Artemonites, who denied the divinity of Christ, and maintained that the apostles and their successors, to the time of Victor XIII., bishop of Rome, held the same doctrine. He is supposed to have lived near Rome, of which city his friend Theodotus was an inhabitant.—J. S., G. <section end="275R" /> <section begin="275S" />ARTEPHIUS or ARTEFIUS, an alchemist, supposed to have lived in the twelfth century, was an Arabian, according to some accounts, and a converted Jew according to others. Several of his treatises are extant; one in the "Theatrum Chemicum" of Zetzner, 1613, and another translated by Pierre Arnauld, Paris, 1612. In the first he declares himself writing at the somewhat advanced age of one thousand and twenty-five years.—J. S., G. <section end="275S" /> <section begin="275T" />ARTEVELD,, a celebrated Flemish patriot of the fourteenth century. His riches, eloquence, and experience in diplomatic business, put him at the head of affairs in his native town of Ghent, at a time when the Flemings, subject to Louis II., count of Flanders, had resolved to extend their liberties, or at least to rid themselves of certain imposts which they thought oppressive. The French wars of Edward III. of England, in which he requested the assistance of the discontented Flemings against the lord-superior of their count, Philip VI. of Valois, presented an excellent opportunity for revolt, and accordingly, in 1339, Arteveld, acting for the duke of Brabant, the cities of Louvain, Ghent, Ypres, and many others, concluded a treaty with Edward, by which the English king, styling himself king of France, was acknowledged lord-superior of Flanders. Edward's victory over the French fleet off Sluys in 1340, confirmed for a time both his titles; but the defeat of St. Omer obliged him to make peace with France, and a rupture ensued between the Flemings and their new superior. The alliance was revived after Edward's renewal of the war with Philip, and he was now persuaded by Arteveld to make his son, the Black Prince, count of Flanders. This project was defeated, and the career of its author terminated by a revolt of the citizens of Ghent against the authority of Arteveld, which appears to have taken its rise in the personal enmity of one Gherard Denis. Arteveld and fifty of his friends were murdered by a rabble of their fellow-citizens, on the 2nd May, 1344.—J. S., G. <section end="275T" /> <section begin="275Zcontin" />ARTEVELD,, son of the preceding, inheriting his father's wealth, and something of his ambition and his genius, lived quietly in his native town of Ghent till 1382, when his fellow-citizens, having revolted from Count Louis III. of Flanders, summoned him to the supreme command of the city,—a dignity which Van der Hosch, who had carried on the revolt from the death of its originator Hyons, was willing enough to resign. After summarily avenging the death of his father, Arteveld obliged Louis to raise the siege of Ghent, and pursued him to Bruges, where the Ghenters gained a great victory, which resulted in the flight of Louis, and the submission of most of the Flemish towns to the dictatorship of Arteveld. Charles VI. of France took the exiled count under his protection, and finally sent Messire de Clisson with an army to reinstate him. On the 29th November, the French army, in which Charles himself <section end="275Zcontin" />