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ARN century, who wrote in support of the doctrine of the immaculate conception.  ARNOLD, one of the reformers before the Reformation, a disciple of Abelard of Paris and of Berengarius. As early as the middle of the twelfth century, his bold spirit, his knowledge of scripture, and his eloquence, had succeeded in rousing France and Italy against the abuses of the Romish church. Driven by the clergy from Italy, he sought refuge in Zurich, where he made many converts. At length, through the instigation of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, he was charged with heresy, and excommunicated by Innocent II. At this juncture serious popular tumults took place at Rome; and Arnold, hastening thither, was received with great cordiality, and soon vested with supreme power. In 1155, however, after Arnold had held it for nearly ten years, Adrian IV. laid an interdict upon the city, and expelled him. For a time he found shelter in Campania. He was nevertheless seized and taken back to Rome, where, in the same year, he died by the hand of the executioner, and his ashes were flung into the Tiber. He was a man of great eloquence and sanctity. He taught that Christ's kingdom is not of this world; that temporal dignities and large independent revenues ought not to be held by the clergy; and that nothing should be left to them but spiritual authority, and a moderate subsistence. He is also reckoned by Dr. Wall among those who denied the scriptural authority of infant baptism. His followers were called Arnoldists, and held the same opinions as the Waldenses.—(Mosheim; Jones' History of the Christian Church.)—J. A., L.  ARNOLD or ARNOLT or, a German musician of the sixteenth century.  ARNOLD, a German divine of the fifteenth century, prior of an Augustine convent near Oudenarde.  ARNOLD,, a German philologue, born 1627, died 1680, author, among other works, of "Testimonium Flavianum de Christo," Nürnberg, 1661, 12mo; inserted by Havrecamp in his edition of Josephus.  ARNOLD,, a German astronomer, born in 1650 at Sommerfeld, near Leipzig, who, although but a husbandman, devoted all his spare time to the observation of the heavenly bodies, and maintained a correspondence with the most learned astronomers of his age. By means of an observatory which he had erected on his house, he made several remarkable discoveries, to which he directed the attention of the scientific observers at Leipzig. He discovered the comets of 1683 and 1686, and attained celebrity by his observation of the passage of Mercury over the sun's disc in October, 1690, on which occasion the municipal authorities of Leipzig presented him with a donation in gold, and freed him from the local imposts. He died in 1695.—F.  ARNOLD, or ARNULF,, a German Benedictine monk of the eleventh century.  ARNOLD, D., surnamed, a Flemish musician, who lived at the beginning of the sixteenth century. <section end="263H" /> <section begin="263I" />ARNOLD,, a Roman catholic theologian of Cologne, who lived in the earlier half of the sixteenth century. He was a violent opponent of Luther, who replied to his "Der unparteische Laye" (The impartial Layman), published anonymously at Dresden, 1531, 8vo, in a pamphlet entitled "Wider den Meuchler zu Dresden" (Against the Dresden Assassin); "Auf das Schmähbuchlein Luthers," Dresden, 1531, is a rejoinder by Arnold. Some details about this writer are to be found in "Unschuldige Nachrichten" for the years 1733-34, which are cited by Adelung, supplement to Jöcher.—A. M. <section end="263I" /> <section begin="263J" />ARNOLD,, a German lawyer, born in 1531, who was doctor of laws of the university of Pisa, and chancellor of the chapter of Naumburg. He wrote a life of Maurice, elector of Saxony. <section end="263J" /> <section begin="263K" />ARNOLD,, a Tyrolese, who lived in the second half of the sixteenth century, and was organist to the bishop of Bamberg. Several of his musical pieces have been published. <section end="263K" /> <section begin="263L" />ARNOLD,, a German jurisconsult, and author of poems in the Alsatian dialect, was born at Strasburg on the 18th February, 1780, and died in 1829 on his birth-day. Endowed with great natural abilities, he improved them by assiduous study, and habits of accurate observation during travels over great part of the Continent and in Great Britain. In 1806 he was appointed professor of civil law in the college established at Coblentz, but subsequently to 1810 lived in his native city, first as professor of history, and latterly as professor of jurisprudence. In 1812 he published his highly meritorious work, "Elementa juris civilis Justinianei, cum codice Napoleoneo et reliquis legum codicibus collati," Argent. et Parisiis. His lyrical poems indicate little poetic talent, but his cleverest production in light literature is his comedy of "Pfingstmontag " (Whit-Monday), 1815; written mainly in the Alsatian dialect, and illustrative of Strasburg manners and character. Goethe has highly praised this original and spirited comedy, and honours it with an analysis in his "Ueber Kunst u. Alterthum."—A. M. <section end="263L" /> <section begin="263M" />ARNOLD,, was born in 1410, lost the territory of Jülich in a war against Gerhard, duke of Berg, was imprisoned in the castle of Buren by his son Adolphus, and liberated by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, who, however, deprived him of his dukedom. Arnold died in 1473. <section end="263M" /> <section begin="263N" />ARNOLD,, one of the most noted names among the German pietists, was born at Annaberg, where his father was schoolmaster, in 1665. He attended first the gymnasium of Jena, and then the university of Wittemberg. He became a domestic tutor in 1689 at Dresden, and was brought into connection with the famous Spener. He was some time engaged at Frankfort as corrector of the press. In 1693 he removed to Quedlinburg, and remained tutor in a family for four years. In 1697 he became professor of history at Giessen, but continued in that office only two years. His attempt to quicken a dead theology made him many antagonists, none of whom he was at any time inclined to spare. On his return to Quedlinburg he was recognized as an organ of his party. At the recommendation of the good professor Francke, Sophia Charlotte, duchess of Isenach, made him court preacher, but the opposition he provoked induced him to quit the place in five years, and to settle as pastor of Werben. Two years afterwards, Frederick I. of Prussia made him pastor and inspector of Perleberg, where he died in 1713. He had, in 1704, been appointed royal historiographer. Arnold published various works, the best known of which is his "Unpartheyische Kirchen und Ketzer-historie," in two folios. This work has been severely and somewhat unjustly attacked by Mosheim and by Dowling. Arnold did not belong to the best or more genial class of pietists. He was a man of melancholy temperament, and prone to dark exaggerations. The reigning theology was a dry, austere, and soulless orthodoxy, and he scourged it in no measured terms. His mysticism was also rather extreme, but his piety was warm, and his character upright and consistent. To the clergy he was specially obnoxious, as he dwelt so much on the necessity of a converted ministry, and blamed them as the authors of that spiritual sterility, which he painted in such gloom, and denounced with such acerbity. He wanted the serenity of Spener, the cheerful tone of Arndt, and the beneficent impulses of Francke. His mind was often under morbid influences from dwelling too much on the darker side of the picture which the church and the world of his times presented.—J. E. <section end="263N" /> <section begin="263O" />ARNOLD, one of the three Swiss leaders who met at Grüth to inaugurate the Helvetic confederation. <section end="263O" /> <section begin="263P" />ARNOLD or ARNOLDUS,, a German theological author, a native of Wesel, on the Lower Rhine, died 1534. He was teacher of Greek in the Gymnasium Laurentianum at Cologne, and had the degree of D.D. from the university of that city. None of his works were published during his lifetime. We mention "De vera Ecclesia Christi contra Philippi Melancthonis Responsionem pro Bucero," contained in the "Philippica Sexta" of J. Cochlæus, Ingolstadt, 1554, 4to; "Auli Gellii Noctes Atticæ, et Macrobius in Somnium Scipionis, et vii. ejusdem Saturnalia," Cologne, 1536, fol.—A. M. <section end="263P" /> <section begin="263Q" />ARNOLD or ARNOLDUS, a German monk and theologian; died in 1619. <section end="263Q" /> <section begin="263R" />ARNOLD,, corrector of the press at Mayence in the commencement of the sixteenth century, author of a poem "De Chalcographiæ Inventione," Mayence, 1541, in which he makes Gutenberg, aided by Faust and Schoefer, inventor of the art of printing. This poem may be found in Wolf's Monumenta Typographica, and in Marchand's Histoire de l'Imprimerie.—A. M. <section end="263R" /> <section begin="263S" />ARNOLD,, a physician, born at Weissenfels in 1724. He was professor of natural philosophy in the university of Erlangen, and author of a variety of works on physical science; died 1765. <section end="263S" /> <section begin="263Zcontin" />ARNOLD,, became, in 1684, head-master of the gymnasium of Durlach, in Baden; but losing all his <section end="263Zcontin" />