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ARN ARNAULD,, father of the great Arnauld, a French avocat, born at Paris in 1560; died 29th December, 1619. He was the eldest son of Antoine Arnauld, councillor of Catherine de Medicis; and, having been received advocate before the parliament, was soon distinguished by his eloquence and esteemed for his probity. In 1594 he acquired great celebrity by his pleading against the jesuits in favour of the university of Paris. Against the same society he published another work, "Le Franc et veritable discours du Roi sur le retablissement qui lui a ete demandé par les Jesuites;" in 1592 he published the first and second "Philippics;" in 1593, the "Fleur de Lys;" in 1606, the "Anti-Spaniard," in the Collection of free and excellent speeches on the present state of France, and also in the Memoirs of the Ligue, vol. iv.; and, in 1612, "Advice to the King Louis XIII. how to reign well." The jesuits accused him of being a Huguenot, but he was opposed to Protestantism at the same time that he opposed the Ligue. He had an unusually large family.—P. E. D.  ARNAULD,, a man of great intelligence and vigour, and of considerable mark in philosophy: born at Paris, 6th February, 1612; died at Liege on 6th August, 1694, aged eighty-three. The life of Arnauld was a troublous one. He took orders in the Roman catholic church, became doctor of Sorbonne, and put himself at the head of the strict party—the party of the Jansenists. Meeting at every point, and denouncing the moral laxity of the jesuits, he was honoured by the special rancour of that celebrated body. They succeeded in driving him into exile, and hunting him from place to place; but they could not subdue Arnauld: his pen continued ready and keen in controversy, although the hand that wielded it shook through age. We cannot enter on the history of these controversies,—Arnauld's own works, chiefly occupied with his part in them, filling forty-two quarto volumes.—But it is needful to speak in some detail of Arnauld the metaphysician. One of the earliest admirers and discriminating disciples of Des Cartes, he learned from this great Inquirer, freedom of thought; and he exercised it to the signal benefit of philosophy. His principal writings relate to three important subjects:—I. Arnauld was the author of that very excellent treatise on logic—the L'Art de penser—which, in a very short time, supplanted the wretched scholastic abridgments and misrepresentations of Aristotle, then universally used in schools and universities: it quickly passed the boundaries of France, and became an especial favourite in Germany and England. It does not refer, unfortunately, to the processes of induction; but, considered as a treatise on pure logic, it is still unsurpassed, if anywhere rivalled, in method, clearness, and elegance. This work is a very model of composition; Arnauld having fully mastered the difficult art of knowing what it is necessary to say, and what, if said, would only be a superfluity. II. Equally remarkable is his treatise on Perception, or, as he calls it. True and False Ideas. This is a polemic against Malebranche: but the part of it which interests us most, is a complete and unmistakable anticipation of Dr. Reid's famous demolition of what he termed the Ideal Theory. The theory in question was not held at any time by leading philosophers, although it may be detected among the schools they founded. A few secondary teachers, mistaking the language of their masters, had evidently fallen into the absurd notion, that actual images of external bodies exist separate from their bodies as well as from the perceiving mind; and that we perceive solely through the intermediation of these images. Malebranche had lent his authority to this folly. Arnauld's arguments were these,—the student may compare them with Dr. Reid's:—First, Experience reveals nothing, which is not either a Thought of the Intelligence, or an External Body. Secondly, Experience shows very clearly that the local presence of an object, or its actual contact with the Mind, is not an indispensable condition of Perception; as, for instance, when we perceive bodies which, like the sun, are very far off. Thirdly, If it be admitted that Deity always acts by the simplest modes, we should expect Him to have endowed us with the power to perceive External Bodies in the most direct way, and, therefore, without the aid of intermediate Images, which can add nothing whatever to our knowledge. Fourthly, If we perceive External Things only by aid of their Images, we cannot be said to see these things at all; we cannot know even that they exist. III. The other point of Arnauld's philosophy deserving notice is his doctrine concerning necessary truths, as he unfolds it in an advanced portion of the foregoing work. He asserts that what we term Necessary Truths are mere results of comparison and reasoning. A fatal deviation from the views of Des Cartes! Comparison and Reasoning may form general truths, but they never can evolve the attributes of Universality and Necessity. Comparison and Reasoning present, in its largest and purest form, a statement of what is; but to allege that a truth must be, is wholly beyond their power. Arnauld was undoubtedly the most powerful—the presiding genius of the famous Port-Royal.—J. P. N.  ARNAULD,, brother of Anthony, was born at Paris, 1597, died 8th June, 1694. He was elected bishop of Toul by the diocesan chapter, but did not accept the office, on account of disputes regarding the right of presentation. In 1645 he went to Rome to arrange the disputes between Innocent X. and the Barberinos, and conducted the negotiation with so much success, that the latter erected a statue to his honour, and caused a medal to be struck to commemorate his mission. On his return to France, he was appointed bishop of Angers, and only once quitted his diocese, in the hope of converting the prince of Tarentum. In 1652, the town of Angers having revolted against the royal authority, the queen-mother advanced to punish the insurrection, but was prevented by the appeals of the good bishop. It is said of him, that being recommended to take one day in the week for relaxation, he replied, "So I will, if you will find the day on which I am not a bishop." His "Negotiations at the court of Rome and other courts of Italy," were published in Paris, 1748. They contain many curious anecdotes, given in a style that was common to all the Arnaulds.—P. E. D.  ARNAULD,, the famous abbess of Port-Royal, was the daughter of Antoine Arnauld and elder sister of the preceding. Five of her sisters and many of her nieces and other relations assumed the veil under her presidency. Her maternal grandfather, M. Marion, advocate-general to Henry IV., obtained for her the coadjuterie of the abbey of Port-Royal when she was in her eighth year, and little anticipated the life of labour and self-denial which she was to lead. At the age of eleven she entered on full possession. The rules of the Cistercian order had been daily violated by the nuns in this house; and so far as form would permit, their time was passed in gaiety and song. But the sermon of a Capuchin friar moved the young superior to a new course, and the Mere Angelique, as she was now called, became a stern and unbending reformer. The abbey of Maubisson, after a long struggle, was reduced to order by her, and other Cistercian houses bowed to her pure and devoted supremacy. The history of Port-Royal will be found in other lives, such as St. Cyran, Pascal, and De Sacy. Angelique was a pattern of all good works, distinguished by her meekness and yet by her force of character; land but stern, generous though exacting, humble and still conscious of her dignity; combining in her character the devotion of her who bathed the Redeemer's feet with her tears, and the heroism of her who of old urged Barak to the conflict, and sang his ode of victory. But the wars of the Fronde dispersed the establishment, and the jesuits were resolved to put down such a stronghold of the Jansenists, and such a popular resort of numerous scholars and recluses. The lady, now seventy years of age, was obliged to leave the chosen scene of her labours; the sisters were torn from her by force, and every variety of persecution was employed by Mazarin, Louis XIV., and the jesuit intriguers. This great and good woman died at an advanced age, leaving an imperishable name.—J. E.  ARNAULD,. sister of Anthony and Jacqueline, died 19th February, 1671. She published two works, one entitled "L'image d'une religieuse parfaite et d'une imparfaite," Paris, 1660; the other "Le chapelet secret du saint sacrement," 1663. She also laboured on the constitutions of Port-Royal. There were six sisters, nuns in the same convent, and their niece Angelique, daughter of Arnauld D'Andilly, also a nun of Port-Royal—born 1624, died 1684—composed the "Memoires pour servir a la vie de la mére Marie Angelique Arnauld reformatrice de Port-Royal," published in 1737.  ARNAULD, eldest son of the elder Anthony, born at Paris in 1588, and died 27th September, 1674. At court he was held in high estimation, and used his influence for the benefit of those who required his aid. Balzac said of him, that "he never blushed for the christian virtues, and was 