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ARN December, 1816, having had for a short time enjoyed the advantages of a course of study at the Lycée, established by the great Napoleon. His father was prefêt of Aude, under the republic and empire, but dying in 1803, left his family in rather straitened circumstances, which were however managed with singular skill and economy, by the young mother suddenly placed at the head of the household. The early career of the military hero of the coup d'étât was chequered and erratic, giving promise of restlesness rather than of success in life. From the gardes du corps he went to the regiment of Corsica, thence into the regiment of the "Mouths of the Rhone," thence into the 49th of the line, which he quitted in 1822, under rather unfavourable circumstances, without having acquired in his six years' service a higher grade than that of sub-lieutenant. It is strange to say, that his demission from the 49th was accompanied by his resignation of the service altogether, and, stranger still, that the energies of the man who secured the coup d'étât of absolute power in 1851, should have been directed in 1822 to the cause of freedom in Greece. Between 1822 and 1831 there is a blank in the marshal's life, which is not satisfactorily explained by the information that he "was travelling abroad." It is evident that he did nothing in Greece to rescue his name from the obscurity which rested on it and on his path in life for nearly nine years. In 1831 he returned to the French service as sub-lieutenant, and his first exploits were performed against the revolted peasants of La Vendée, where he acted as orderly-officer to General Bugeaud, and laid the foundation of that intimacy with his chief, which ripened into higher and profitable favour subsequently in Africa. In 1832 he accompanied the Duchess de Berri to Palermo, and again a lapse takes place in his life; all we know being, that when, in 1836, Lieutenant St. Arnaud went to Africa, his highest aspirations were bounded by the lace of a captain's uniform. He sought distinction with so much ardour, that, in 1837, he was promoted to a company in the Foreign Legion, which had not long been formed, and in which he found extraordinary associates from all parts of the world. They were thorough soldiers, rude, high-spirited, careless of life; and they were fast conquering for France the great nursery of men, who are the scions of her new military system. At the storming of Constantine, St. Arnaud was particularly distinguished, and in consequence of his courage, and the frequent mention of his name in despatches, he was nominated of the Legion of Honour. Thenceforward he became one of the most rising officers of the African army. He was present at the taking of Djelli in 1839, of the Arab fortresses at Monsaja, where he was severely wounded, in 1840, at the capture of Tekedernt, and at the battle of Mascara in 1841. He entered the newly-formed corps of Zouaves as commandant or major in 1841, and in the year following he was invested with the military command of Milianah, in which he displayed such energy, that on the 25th March, especially recommended by Marshal Bugeaud, he received the grade of lieutenant-colonel. Two years afterwards he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and was charged with the command of the subdivision of Orleansville. But his star was still rising. The great insurrection of Bou-Maza gave Colonel St. Arnaud an opportunity for the exhibition of ceaseless activity; and at last, when the Arab patriot was compelled to yield, he laid down his arms at the feet of the youthful colonel of Zouaves, who was rewarded by the cross of Commander of the Legion of Honour, and was, on 3rd November following, made major-general. Thence offering a strong contrast to the halting gait with which Fortune met his advances in the earlier period of his career, she seemed to run after him as he listed. From 1847 to 1851, in every ravine, against every tribe of the Kabyles, St. Arnaud acquired fresh reputation, increasing honours and renown, until he received the rank of general of division in 1851. Although he was notoriously republican in his sentiments, he witnessed, without emotion, the fall of Louis Philippe, and of his old friend and patron. Marshal Bugeaud, from whose fate he probably learned a lesson, which he turned to account on the 2nd December, 1851. The present emperor seems to have understood the character of the man, and to have appreciated the strength of his political attachments. On the 26th October, 1851, he was suddenly called from the command of a division of the army of Paris to the cabinet, and was created minister of war, in which department he prepared everything for the military success of the coup d'étât on the 2nd December following. For his share in that sanguinary tragedy, he received the baton of a marshal of France on the next anniversary of the very day he consummated for the donor the means of making the gift.

In March, 1854, he was sent out to the East to take the command of the French army in the war against Russia, and if his despatches and letters are to be trusted, he set out with the most profound contempt for his allies, and with the settled determination either to ignore or depreciate their share in his victories. Giddy with success, the vanity which constituted a large portion of the impulses that animated him, puffed him up to an extraordinary degree of arrogance, and at times he seems not only to have forgotten the English, but the French, in the all-absorbing "Je" which so often appears in his writings. He sought to appropriate to himself the credit of proposing the Crimean expedition, to which, in fact, he was for a long time opposed, and he treated Omar Pacha, and indeed, as far as he could, all the other generals with ill-concealed disdain. But an internal malady, to which his violent passions and restless existence had given overwhelming power, now began to make itself felt, and this iron man of action found himself prostrated occasionally by violent attacks of pain, conquered for the time by his tremendous volition only to gather fresh force for the assault. It is not wonderful if the impatience and irritation thus created found vent in hasty and ill-considered accusations against his allies and their leaders, but such was the force of his character, that even in the exhaustion of his mortal conflict, he asserted for himself and his army, precedence in all military matters, and acted without deference to the wishes or feelings of his colleagues in self-reliant determination. On the voyage to the Crimea he was attacked by spasms of the heart in an aggravated form, and for a moment his firmness and resolution left him; but he recovered sufficiently to direct the descent of his troops to the battle of the Alma, to carry it out, and to transmit to posterity his reproaches against the English general for the slowness of his movements before the battle and at it, and for his inactivity after it was won. On the night of the 25th September, the marshal was seized with symptoms of cholera, and after a strenuous but ineffectual struggle with this complication of disorders, was obliged to place the command of the army in the hands of General Canrobert. He was carried with difficulty into Balaklava, and thence he was transported on board the Berthollet, where he expired, at four o'clock, on the afternoon of 29th September, just as the vessel approached the Bosphoras, to the intense grief of his army, and to the regret of Lord Raglan and of the allies. His loss at such a crisis was irreparable, for there can be no doubt but that the marshal was a man of such infinite resources and activity of mind, that he would have adopted a decided course of action the moment his army was before Sebastopol. His death was touching and dignified; and he has left behind him a fame, the brightness of which, in the eyes of his countrymen, will not be obscured by the memory of his defects. His remains were carried to France, and interred in state at the Invalides, and his statue has been placed in the Hall of Honour of the Lycée. In person M. St. Arnaud was of the middle height, slight in figure, of a soldierly carriage and aspect, with resolute and composed features, lighted up by dark eyes of great fire and vivacity. His manners were, when he pleased, agreeable and courtierlike, and he expressed his ideas, especially in writing, with clearness, eloquence, and force. His letters to M. de St. Arnaud, his brother, to his wife, to M. de Forcade, and others, were collected and published in Paris, 1855.—W. H. R.  ARNAUDE, a Cypriot lady, who, on the capture of Nicosia by the Turks in 1570, became a captive to the conquerors. Her beauty attracted their admiration, and she was placed in a vessel bound to Constantinople, as a fit person for the sultan's harem. Such a destiny was revolting to her pure and free spirit, and in a moment of desperation she set fire to the powder room, blew up the ship, and perished with all on board.—T. J.  ARNAUDIN, a French author, supposed to have been born in 1690 at Paris, and to have died in 1717. He published, at the age of twenty-three, a translation of Cornelius Agrippa's work, "De Præcellentia Feminei Sexus," with the title "De la grandeur et de l'excellence des femmes au-dessus des hommes."  ARNAULD,, a French general, born at Grenoble in 1749; after some honourable service as a volunteer, was employed in the army of the Rhine in 1800, and distinguished himself in the battle of Kirchberg, near Ulm, and also in that of Hohenlinden. He was named general in 1803, and appointed to a command on the coasts of Zealand, where he died in the following year. 