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ARN of Monmouth, and was implicated in the Rye House plot. He suffered death in 1684.  * ARMSTRONG,, Knight, C.B., inventor of the gun which bears his name, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on the 26th of November, 1810, the son of an eminent merchant of that town. In early boyhood he was more distinguished for his mechanical ingenuity than by his success in the ordinary school-studies, which he prosecuted at various establishments in the county of Durham. In due time he was articled to a firm of solicitors in Newcastle, becoming eventually a junior partner, nor did he finally quit the profession of the law until 1846. While not relaxing his attention to his professional business, he cultivated with ardour during his leisure hours, science in general, and especially mechanics in its theory and applications. One of his favourite subjects was the improved application of water-power, an ingenious arrangement for which he completed about 1840; it is described in the Mechanics Magazine for the April of that year. Turning his attention next to hydro-electricity, he constructed more than one very powerful steam-electrical-engine, and that exhibited by him at the polytechnic institution, London, was inspected by the prince-consort and some of the most eminent scientific men of the day, attracting very general notice and approval. Among Sir William Armstrong's other practical improvements of an early date, may be mentioned that in the construction of cranes, which has been very extensively adopted both at home and abroad. After leaving the legal profession, Sir William, then about thirty-six years of age, established, with the aid and co-operation of friends, the Elswick engine-works at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on a large scale and admirably conducted. From this work have been sent forth numbers of hydraulic engines on an entirely new principle of construction, for use in the mines, docks, &c., of England and other countries. Although, it may be added, Sir William Armstrong is chiefly known to the general public as the inventor of a formidable engine for warlike purposes, yet eventually, it is possible, he may be more renowned as a contributor to the arts of peace, and the time may come when his application of greatly improved hydraulic power, will be considered in its varied results second only in importance to the steam-engine itself. Sir William's first experiments in the direction of the rifled cannon which has made him famous, were commenced in 1854, and carried on for nearly three years. His original gun was, to quote his own words, "partly of steel, but now it is nothing but wrought iron." "It is a built-up gun—that is to say, it is composed of separate pieces, each piece being of such moderate size as to admit of being forged without risk of flaw or failure. By this mode of construction, great strength," he says, "and great lightness, are secured." When the very important results of his inventions were disclosed to the government, he was appointed engineer-in-chief for rifled ordnance, and extensive works at Woolwich and Newcastle were placed under his control. All his discoveries were offered by him gratuitously to the government, and the arrangement under which the latter procured his services was characterized by ministers in parliament as one of extreme liberality on his part. In February, 1859, he received the honour of knighthood, and was made a C.B. Sir William Armstrong is a member of the council of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and a fellow of the Royal Society. For much of the information contained in this brief sketch we are indebted to the courtesy of Sir William Armstrong's friend, Thomas Sopwith, Esquire.—F. E.  ARMYN. See.  ARMYNE,, the wife of Sir William Armyne, was the daughter of Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George, earl of Shrewsbury. She was celebrated for the extent of her theological and historical knowledge, for her liberality to the poor, and for her patronage of North American missions. She endowed several hospitals, and died in 1675.—T. J.  ARNAUD, ', a French litterateur, born at Paris in 1718; died in 1805. He acquired a name in literature before he had attained his nineteenth year. Like his friend Voltaire, he found a patron in Frederick the Great, who invited him to Berlin, and on his arrival complimented him with a copy of verses, in which he was styled the Ovid of France, and, more absurdly still, the successor of Voltaire. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, and spent the last years of his life in the most wretched poverty.—J. S., G.  ARNAUD, a French surgeon, practised his art, especially that part of it relating to hernia, in Paris, and afterwards in London, where he became a member of the College of Surgeons. He was born about the commencement of the eighteenth century, and died in 1774. His works are:—1. "A Dissertation on Hernias or Ruptures," 1748; 2. "A Treatise on Hermaphrodites," 1750; 3. "Plain and easy Instructions on the Diseases of the Bladder and Urethra," 1754; 4. "On Aneurisms," 1760; 5. "Mémoires de Chirurgie, avec quelques Remarques historiques sur l'Etat de la Médecine et de la Chirurgie en France et en Angleterre," 1768.—J. S., G.  ARNAUD,, whose name is connected with one of the most interesting periods in the history of the Vaudois, was born at La Tour, Piedmont, in 1641. He was fitted for combining with the office of pastor that of military leader, by the fact that ere he entered the church he served under William of Orange; and at this period the Vaudois specially needed such a pastor. After long years of persecution, they had, about 1685, been compelled by Victor Amadeus of Savoy to quit their valleys. According to Arnaud's account, which is believed to be somewhat exaggerated, 14,000 were cast into prison, where 11,000 perished, and only 3000 survived to go into exile. It is with the fate of these 3000, who betook themselves to Switzerland and some other protestant countries, that the history of our "soldier-priest" is connected. He found his countrymen by no means satisfied with exile; and after several unsuccessful attempts, Arnaud, encouraged by the great events of 1688, placed himself at the head of 800 determined adventurers, and, on the 19th August, 1689, embarked on the Lake of Geneva, and landed at Yvoire on the other side. They then set forward toward their valleys, passing through a difficult county beset with hostile forces, and at last crowning an unprecedented march by storming the bridge of Salabertran guarded by 2500 men, completely routing the enemy, and entering in triumph the valley of San Martino. The brave men were, however, still beset by hostile troops, and were compelled to betake themselves by passes of incredible difficulty to the rock of the Balsille, where, through the long winter, they stood the attacks of hunger and cold, and resisted a besieging force of 25,000 men. The spring found the number of the besieged reduced to 400, and their enemies still bent on their destruction; but when at last the besiegers succeeded in reaching the summit of the Balsille they found it deserted. By a steep precipice, hitherto thought impassable, the Vaudois had, one by one, descended, and escaped to the steeps of Mount Guignivert; there for several days they wandered, and were fast losing all hope of ultimate safety, when the welcome news reached them that Victor Amadeus had abandoned the alliance of France, and joined the league against Louis XIV. Their former persecutor found those brave men of service to him in his new relations. A colonel's commission having been granted to Arnaud by William of England, he led 1200 of his countrymen in the war of the Spanish succession, and performed valuable service to the allied powers. He was but ill repaid; for when the duke of Savoy concluded in 1698 a treaty with France, he agreed to drive the Vaudois once more from their valleys. Arnaud found an asylum for them under the duke of Wurtemburg, and closed his stirring life by settling as their pastor at the village of Schönberg, where he died in 1721 at the age of 80. When in retirement he compiled the famous "Histoire de la glorieuse Rentrée des Vaudois dans leurs Vallées," the material for which had been recorded in a diary apparently kept by one of Arnaud's companions. It was published in 1716. A translation, with a historical introduction, has been published in England by H. Dyke Acland.—J. B.  ARNAUD, a French surgeon, born at Orleans in 1701, died in 1778. He published "Cours de Médecine Pratique," 1769, and several other works. <section end="256H" /> <section begin="256I" />ARNAUD, a Provençal troubadour, who lived about the beginning of the thirteenth century. The only one of his songs which has been preserved, exhibits an interesting picture of the mode of life peculiar to the nobles of his age. <section end="256I" /> <section begin="256J" />ARNAUD or ARNAUT, a troubadour of the twelfth century, born at Marvelh, in Perigord, who sung the praises of Adelaide, the wife of Roger II., viscount de Beziers. <section end="256J" /> <section begin="256Zcontin" />ARNAUD,, marshal of France, was born, according to M. de Bazancourt, on the 20th August, 1801, but there are various dates and years assigned for his birth. It is certain that he entered the Duc de Grammont's company of the "Gardes du Corps" on the 16th <section end="256Zcontin" />