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ARL , Glasgow, and Liverpool the greatest industrial commercial cities of modern times. In addition to the merit of inventing the spinning frame, Arkwright may also claim the merit of having invented and organized the factory system, which adds immensely to the resources of the labouring classes, and may be made productive, not only of wealth, but of intelligence and virtue. The plans introduced by Arkwright were generally founded on good sense, and have stood the test of experience. Arkwright's career as a manufacturer commenced in 1769, and in 1786 he had become a man of large estate, was raised to the rank of sheriff of Derbyshire, and received the honour of knighthood from George the Third. His career was pleasantly prosperous to the close of his life, which took place on the 3rd of August, 1792, in his sixtieth year. Arkwright, in the course of his life, experienced the extremes of poverty and of wealth; he had no education except that of the world, and never attained anything like refinement of manners or character. His merits were ingenuity, energy, and unconquerable perseverance. By these he founded his own fortunes, benefited the world, and presented an example worthy of general imitation.—T. B.  ARLANIBŒUS,, the assumed name of the writer of a contemporary history of the Thirty Years' War, entitled "Arma Svecica," Frankfort, 1631. In the title-page the author styles himself Philo-Historicus.  ARLAUD,, a miniature painter, born at Geneva in 1668. Having proceeded to France he gained a high reputation for his skill, and was patronized by the duke of Orleans, for whom he made an admirable drawing of "Leda and the Swan," from a small marble bas-relief by Michel Angelo. He afterwards went to England, where he also met with much success, and at last returned to his native place, and died in 1746. His brother,, and his nephew , were both celebrated for their skill as artists. The former made a portrait of Shakspeare, which was engraved by Ducange.—F.  ARLEBOUT,, a Dutch physician, who lived in the earlier part of the sixteenth century.  ARLENSIS, an alchemist and astrologer of the sixteenth century, who wrote a book, "De Sympathia VII Metallorum, VII Lapidum et Planetarum," published at Madrid, and in 1610 at Paris.  ARLER,, an architect, born at Bologna in 1333, of a German family, constructed several churches of Prague, and assisted in the erection of the cathedral of that city, in which he was employed till 1386.—R. M.  ARLINCOURT, ', a French poet and romance writer, born at Mérantres, near Versailles, in 1789. His father was a farmer-general, and suffered along with many others of his order at the Revolution. When scarcely of age, young Arlincourt published a small poem, "Une Matinée de Charlemagne," which so delighted Napoleon, by comparing him to the old monarch, that he appointed the author equerry to the queen-mother, and auditor to the council of state. A writer of romances, among which his "Solitaire" was the most successful, and subsequently of a strange species of literature which, carrying the name of romance, was yet only a vehicle of his spite against democracy, and of a fierce satire on his contemporaries, he became a publicist; but neither his political actions nor his works have won much favour. His latest efforts in literature, which were those of a dramatic author, were also destined to failure. He died in January 1856.—A. L.  ARLINGTON. See. <section end="252H" /> <section begin="252I" />ARLOTUS DE PRATO, an ecclesiastical writer of the 13th century, known as the first who compiled a Bible Concordance. There are various editions without name: Nuremberg, 1485; Bologna, 1486; Anvers, 1472 and 1485. <section end="252I" /> <section begin="252J" />ARLOTTA or CHARLOTTE, the beautiful daughter of the tanner of Falaise, whose ankles, seen as she was washing clothes in the stream, won the heart of Robert, duke of Normandy. She became his mistress and the mother of William the Conqueror, who was born about. 1027. Her name seems to come from the old Norman or Danish compound Herleve ("much loved.") Duke Robert died while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, when William was about seven years of age, and Arlotta married a Norman gentleman, to whom she bore three children. It is said "that William in his youth could not bear any allusion to his illegitimacy, but that, in later years of his life, he often called himself the "Bastard."—T. J. <section end="252J" /> <section begin="252K" />ARLOTTI, a name common to many Italians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries:—

, an Italian poet of Reggio, died in 1759.

, an Italian commentator of the fifteenth century, author of "Scholia on Cicero's Letters," Venice, 1549.

, an Italian poet and theologian of the 16th century. His poems appeared in the collection of Scajoli.

, an Italian poet of the second half of the sixteenth century. His poems are inserted in the "Giubilo delle Muse," and the "Raccolta de Poeti Illustri."

, an Italian physician of Reggio who lived in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was known by some works on venesection.

, an Italian poet of Reggio who lived at the end of the sixteenth century. A tragedy and some curious letters of his are to be found in Guasco's ''Stor. Lit''.—A. L. <section end="252K" /> <section begin="252L" />ARLOTTO MAINARDI, commonly called , born in Florence, 25th December, 1395, was originally a wool-carder, and afterwards a priest. Though so well known for his facetiæ and bon mots, his personal history affords only the few gleanings to be found in the memoir prefixed to his works, and the characteristic glimpses in the various jokes and stories attributed to him. His wit made him famous, not only in Italy, but in France and England. Though beloved by cardinals, popes, and kings, he had no ambition beyond that of a simple priest, nor any desire for money beyond what was necesary to enable him to be charitable. Like other facetious writers, Arlotto has been charged with more jokes than he ever uttered. But, on the other hand, he could appropriate, in such way as genius does, the ideas of others. The story of Whittington and his Cat, found in his "Facezie," was probably the result of one of his journies to England. Like most other inveterate jokers, he retained his peculiarity to the end; a life of drollery having been appropriately wound up by the inscription on his tomb, written shortly before he died; "The priest Arlotto has constructed this tomb for himself, and for such others as may desire to lie here along with him." The "Facezie" have often been reprinted. The best edition is that of Florence, 1500. <section end="252L" /> <section begin="252M" />ARLUNO or ARLUNUS,, an Italian jurisconsult of the sixteenth century. <section end="252M" /> <section begin="252N" />ARLUNO or ARLUNUS,, one of four brothers of the preceding, physician to the duke of Milan. He left several books on gout, asthma, and quartan ague. <section end="252N" /> <section begin="252O" />ARMA,, an Italian physician, who was born in Piedmont, and lived about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was physician to the duke of Savoy. His numerous works were printed at Turin between 1549 and 1573. <section end="252O" /> <section begin="252Zcontin" />ARMAGNAC, a powerful family of Gascony, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, renowned for faction and crime. The principal members were:

', took an active part in the war against the English in Gascony and Guienne, during the year 1336. Died 1373.

', grandson of the former, was count of Fezensac and Rodez, as well as viscount of Lomagne and Anvillars, and having married the heiress of Comminges in 1378, he bore the title of that county. In 1391 he was killed when leading an army of adventurers against Milan.

', constable of France, born about the middle of the 14th century; killed in 1418; was the son of Jean II., and succeeded his brother Jean III. He began his career of ambition by despoiling his father of his means, and causing his death, with that of his two sons, by long imprisonment. At a time when France was torn by intestine strife, he joined and became head of the Orleans faction against that of Burgundy; and having fought against the court, and made a peace, he led the royal army on its march from Agincourt to Paris. He then seized the constableship, placed himself at the head of affairs, took the management of the finances, ruled the kingdom according to his will, and filled the country with terror. The death of the dauphin, son of Charles VI., was suspected to have been hastened by him, and the restraint which he imposed upon the queen seemed to foreshadow still darker evils, when the duke of Burgundy, coming to her release, appeared with an army before Paris. The city was betrayed to the duke, and the now discomfited constable was made prisoner. The crowd of Paris broke into the prison where he lay, and massacred him.

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