Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/240

ARI which he left an account. Only a few fragments of his work have reached us.  ARISTOBULUS, a Greek peripatetic philosopher, flourished wider Ptolemy VI., Philometor, about the year 150 . A number of interpolations in ancient authors, intended to show that they were acquainted with the books of Moses, are attributed to Aristobulus.  ARISTOBULUS I., king of the Jews 105 ., was the eldest son of John Hyrcanus, prince of that people. His mother having refused to relinquish the government which had been left to her, Aristobulus threw her into prison, where she died of hunger; and he not only took the reins into his own hands, but even assumed the regal title. Syria at this time being in a state of great distraction, he turned his arms against it, and subdued Iturea, giving to the inhabitants the option of either quitting their country, or of submitting to circumcision, and being incorporated with the Jewish nation. Being obliged by sickness to return to Jerusalem before the close of the campaign, he left the conquest to be completed by Antigonus, his brother. Through false representations made by the enemies of Antigonus, Aristobulus was led to believe that he aspired to the crown, and commanded him to be put to death. After this he suffered severely from remorse, which aggravated his bodily malady, and he died of hæmorrhage, after having reigned one year.—W. L.  ARISTOBULUS II., son of Alexander Janneus, king of the Jews, and of Alexandra, queen of the Jews, and grandson of John Hyrcanus, the prince, disputed the succession with his elder brother Hyrcanus, and, having vanquished him, became king in the year 69. He made every effort to induce the Romans to recognize his title; but as similar applications were made on the part of Hyrcanus, life was not successful. With considerable difficulty he maintained his position for several years, until, having provoked Pompey, by preparing for war while his case was under consideration, the Roman general marched against Jerusalem, and took it. Before the capture of the city, Aristobulus tendered his submission in person, and was detained. He was one of the captive princes who graced the triumph of Pompey; and although most of the others were, with unwonted clemency, sent home to their several countries, he was kept in custody, from a fear that he would excite disturbances in Judea. After a time, however, he made his escape, collected an army, marched to Machærus, and repaired its fortifications; but he was defeated by Lisenna, and, being taken captive, was sent a second time as a prisoner to Rome. At length he was set at liberty by Cæsar, with the view of being employed in Syria against Scipio, the friend of Pompey; but on his way thither he was poisoned by some of the adherents of Pompey.—W. L.  ARISTOBULUS, grandson of Hyrcanus II., and brother of Mariamne, Herod's wife, was advanced by Herod, at the age of seventeen, to the office of high-priest. This appointment was made in consequence of the earnest entreaties of Mariamne and her mother Alexandra to Cleopatra and Antony, who constrained the Jewish king, contrary to his own wishes, to depose Ananel, and to put Aristobulus in his place. But though he thus yielded to circumstances, he was determined to be avenged. Aware of her danger, Alexandra prepared one coffin for herself and another for her son, in which they were to be carried to the sea-coast by night, with the view of escaping to Egypt. The stratagem, however, was disclosed to Herod, and Aristobulus and his mother were seized. Afraid to proceed openly against them, yet jealous of the increasing popularity and Asmonean descent of the young high-priest, he proposed to Alexandra, while visiting her at Jericho, a pleasure excursion, and going into a lake with Aristobulus to bathe, he gave instructions to his servants to drown him. Under pretence of aiding him, they continued plunging him till life was extinct.—W. L.  ARISTOBULUS, a son of Herod the Great and of Mariamne, put to death at Sebaste by order of his father.  ARISTOBULUS, a grandson of Herod the Great.  ARISTOBULUS, son of Herod king of Chalcis, and great-grandson of Herod the Great, lived towards the end of the first century, and was made king of Armenia by Nero. <section end="240H" /> <section begin="240I" />ARISTOCLES. Several Greek artists bore this name; we notice:— of Cydonia, one of the earliest Greek sculptors, probably lived before 500. Pausanias quotes a group of Hercules fighting an Amazon, as the work of this sculptor.— of Sicyon, the brother and pupil of Canachus, was a Greek carver in wood, and a brass-caster, living about 490 .—, a Greek painter, living about 429 ., who, according to Pliny, decorated the temple of Apollo at Delphi.—, the son and pupil of Nicomachus, a Greek painter of the Sicyonic school. He flourished about 326 .—, the son and pupil of Cleœtas, a Greek toreutic sculptor of the Athenian school of Phidias.—R. M. <section end="240I" /> <section begin="240J" />ARISTOCLES, a name borne by several philosophers and literati of Greece, amongst whom may be mentioned, of Lampsacus, a stoic; Aristocles of Rhodes, the contemporary of Strabo; of Pergamus, a peripatetic, who lived in the reign of Trajan;  of Messene, of the same sect, who flourished under Septimius Severus; and, a Greek physician of the first century, whose writings have perished. <section end="240J" /> <section begin="240K" />ARISTOCRATES I. and II., two kings of Arcadia; the former of whom reigned in the eighth century ., and the latter led the Arcadians against the Spartans in the second Messenian war; but having been guilty of treachery to his country, was stoned to death about 668. <section end="240K" /> <section begin="240L" />ARISTOCRATES: amongst others worthy of note who bore this name we mention—, an Athenian, against whom Demosthenes delivered an oration.—, the son of Scellias, one of the Athenian generals condemned to death after the battle of Arginusæ.—, a Greek historian of the second century ., who wrote a history of Laconia.—, a Greek physician of the first century. <section end="240L" /> <section begin="240M" />ARISTODE´MUS: of the famous men who bore this name we notice—, the first Heraclid king of Sparta.—, a king of Messenia, who died in 723 ., distinguished himself in the war against Sparta, and sacrificed his daughter to save the Messenian state.— a tyrant of Cumæ, was the contemporary and friend of Tarquinius Superbus who died at his court 496 .—, one of the Spartan host who made Thermopylæ immortal. For some reason he was absent when the conflict took place, and was, therefore, branded as "the Coward"—till he fell at Platæa, fighting bravely to wipe away the stain, 479 .—, a tragic actor of Athens, lived about 340 ., and was a leading man amongst the Macedonian party.—Aristodemus of Miletus, a general in the employ of Antigonus, lived about 315 ., and was employed in the war against Cassander.— of Nysa lived about 50 ., and taught rhetoric at Rome.—Another of Nysa, a Greek grammarian, flourished about. 30.— was the name of several Greek authors, one of whom wrote a collection of fables, another a history of inventions, and a third commented upon Plato.—J. W. S. <section end="240M" /> <section begin="240N" />ARISTODEMUS was also the name of three Greek artists:—a painter of Thebes of the fourth century. (see ), a sculptor of the age of Alexander the Great, and a painter of Caria, of the time of Nero. <section end="240N" /> <section begin="240O" />ARISTOGITON, an Athenian orator, who lived about 340 .; the rival of Demosthenes. <section end="240O" /> <section begin="240P" />ARISTOGITON, a Greek brass-caster, who worked with Hypatodorus for the temple of Apollo at Delphi, about 420. <section end="240P" /> <section begin="240Q" />ARISTOLAUS, the son and pupil of Pausias, a celebrated Greek painter, who lived about 330. <section end="240Q" /> <section begin="240R" />ARISTOM´ACHUS, a peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia, of the third century ., who studied the natural history of bees. <section end="240R" /> <section begin="240S" />ARISTOMEDES, one of the first Greek sculptors who worked in marble. He executed, with Socrates, about 490 ., a statue of Cybele in Pentelic marble, mentioned by Pausanias. <section end="240S" /> <section begin="240T" />ARISTOMEDON, a brass-caster of Argos, about 490. <section end="240T" /> <section begin="240U" />ARISTOM´ENES, the leader of the Messenians in their second war of Independence against the Spartans, memorable for his valour, his military skill, and his wonderful adventures. <section end="240U" /> <section begin="240V" />ARISTOMENES, a comic poet of Athens, lived about 425. <section end="240V" /> <section begin="240Zcontin" />ARISTON. Under this name we notice—, a king of Sparta, who came to the throne about 560 ., and reigned for fifty years.—, a Greek physician of the fifth century ., supposed to be the author of a work on diet.— of Megalopolis, an Achæan statesman of the second century . — of Corinth, a pilot in the Syracusan service, who suggested a stratagem by which the inhabitants of that city overcame the Athenian fleet, 414 .— of Cyrene, lived about 403 ., and headed the democratic party in a civil <section end="240Zcontin" />