Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/227

ARE , Duke of, son and successor of the preceding, died at Brussels 1820.—E. M.  ARENA, ', a French jurist and Macaronic poet, was born near Toulon, and died in 1544.  ARENA,, a French republican statesman, was born in Corsica in 1775, and died at Leghorn in 1829.  ARENA,, brother of the preceding, was made commander of one of the Corsican battalions at the age of twenty-one, and became adjutant-general during the campaign in Italy. Apprehended in 1800 for participation in a plot against Napoleon, he was condemned and executed at Paris in 1802.  ARENA,, a musician, born in Naples about the beginning of the eighteenth century, who composed "Tigrane," "Achille in Sciro," "Alessandro in Persia," "Farnace," operas which were performed at Rome.  ARENA or HARENA,, an Italian professor of law, judge, and author of various able works on jurisprudence, flourished in the first half of the fourteenth century,  ARENALES,, a South American officer, who, after traversing a large portion of South America, published at Buenos Ayres, in 1833, an interesting account of his travels.  AREND or ARENTS,, a German theologian. Died in 1687. He is author, among other works, of "Geistlicher Krieg das Himmelreich mit Gewalt zu Stürmen" (Spiritual war to storm the Kingdom of Heaven with violence), Glückstadt, 1671; and "Des Leibes und der Seelen Zustand nach dem Tode," (State of Body and Soul after Death), Glückstadt, 1776. <section end="227H" /> <section begin="227I" />AREND or ARENTS,, a German theologian, born in 1614; died in 1691. He is author of "Goldhaus Christlicher und von Gott gesegneter Ehefrauen," Glückstadt, 1666; and "Drei Schœne Amaranthen auf den Sarg, Dr. Christiani von Stöcken," Glückstadt, 1685. Caius Arend suffered considerable hardships during the troubles of the thirty years' war, and used to fortify himself with the pithy maxim:—"Geduld frisst den Teufel," (Patience eats up the devil.) <section end="227I" /> <section begin="227J" />ARENDS,, a Dutch painter of distinction, whose productions are mostly sea-pieces, was born at Dodrecht in 1738, and died in 1805. <section end="227J" /> <section begin="227K" />ARENDS,, a Dutch dramatic poet of some merit, who would have attained greater eminence had he trusted more to his own genius, instead of imitating French models; was born at Amsterdam in 1652, and died in 1700. <section end="227K" /> <section begin="227L" />ARENDT,, a Danish antiquary, celebrated for his researches in various parts of Europe, was born at Altona in 1769. Having been sent by government on a botanic mission, he visited the unexplored parts of Norway, and returned with antiquarian observations instead of plants and seeds. This lost him his public situation. Devoting himself to the study of languages and antiquities, he visited various countries, endured great hardships, and died near Venice in 1824. <section end="227L" /> <section begin="227M" />ARENSBECK,, a distinguished Swedish classical and oriental linguist, successively professor at Strengnäs, and pastor at Stockholm. He took part in a new translation of the Bible into Swedish. Died in 1673. <section end="227M" /> <section begin="227N" />ARESAS, a Pythagorean of Magna Græcia, successor to Tydas in the Pythagorean school of philosophy, and author of a work on the nature of man, of which some fragments remain. <section end="227N" /> <section begin="227O" />ARESI,, a celebrated Italian preacher and theological writer, was born at Cremona in 1574, and died in 1644. <section end="227O" /> <section begin="227P" />ARESON,, a native of Iceland, distinguished as a poet, was born in 1484. Having early taken holy orders, he was appointed bishop of Holum. He was forcibly ejected from his see by a neighbouring prelate, but reinstated in 1524. In 1540 he opposed the Protestant reformation, which was then spreading into Iceland, under the sanction of Frederick III. of Denmark; and finding himself unsupported by the rest of the clergy, broke out into open rebellion. After some partial successes, he was defeated at Saudafell, taken prisoner, and put to death along with his illegitimate sons, in 1550. Areson introduced the art of printing into his native country.—J. W. S. <section end="227P" /> <section begin="227Q" />ARESTI,, a musician, who was born in Bologna in the latter part of the seventeenth century, where he held the office of organist in the metropolitan church, and was a member of the Philharmonic Academy. In 1712 he went to Venice, where he died in or before 1719. He was much esteemed as a dramatic composer for the excellence of the following operas:—"Crisippo," Ferrara, 1710; "Enigma disciolto," Bologna, 1710; "La costanza in cimento con la crudeltà," Venice, 1712; "Il trionfo di Pallade in Arcadia," Bologna, 1716.—(Fètis, Schilling.)—G. A. M. <section end="227Q" /> <section begin="227R" />ARETÆUS, a physician of Cappadocia, of Greek origin, who appears to have lived about. 100, but of whom little is known. He belonged to the eclectic school, and was a careful observer in anatomy and physiology. He is often alleged to have distinguished the nerves of motion from those of sensation. But the nerves of motion of Aretæus were most probably the sinews or tendons, which were by the ancients in general confounded under one name with the nerves. He wrote upon leprosy, upon fevers, and the diseases of females. An edition of his works, by Ermerins, was published at Utrecht in 1847.—J. W. S. <section end="227R" /> <section begin="227S" />ARETAPHILA, a woman of Cyrene, whose beauty, virtue, and patriotism are extolled by Plutarch in his book "De Mulierum Virtutibus." <section end="227S" /> <section begin="227T" />ARETAS, a name common to several kings of Arabia Petræa, who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Of these we mention: — I., of whom nothing is known.— II. engaged in war with the kings of Syria, and was made tributary to the Roman empire by Pompey.— III. was confirmed in his sovereignty by Augustus, and appears to have possessed Damascus. <section end="227T" /> <section begin="227U" />ARETE, a female philosopher of Cyrene, flourished towards the end of the fourth century. <section end="227U" /> <section begin="227V" />ARETHAS, an archbishop of Cæsarea (Cappadocia), who lived towards the end of the tenth century, and wrote a commentary on the Apocalypse. <section end="227V" /> <section begin="227W" />ARETIN,, Baron von, was born in 1773 at Ingoldstadt, and died in 1834 at Munich. Devoting himself to the legal profession, he filled several important posts up till 1809, about which time his publication of a work in favour of Napoleon, entitled "Die Plane Napoleon's und seiner Gegner in Deutschland" (the Plans of Napoleon and of his Opponents in Germany), led to the loss of all the offices that he held, the principal of which was the chief librarianship in the central library of Munich. By the year 1819, however, he had attained the position of president of the appeal court of the Regenkreis. He had, in the meantime, written a variety of political works applicable to the times, and characterised by a liberal and popular spirit. His plays, "Ludwig der Baier," and "Das Mädchen aus Zante" (Lewis the Bavarian, and the Maiden of Zante), published respectively in 1821 and 1822, have also a political tendency. His last work, completed by Rotteck, was—"Staatsrecht der Constitutionellen Monarchic," a new edition of which was published at Leipsic in 1838-39.—(Conversations-Lex. 10ter Aufl.)—A. M. <section end="227W" /> <section begin="227X" />ARETIN,, Baron von, brother of the preceding, a Bavarian diplomatist and writer, was born at Ingoldstadt on the 24th August, 1769. He was early employed in the diplomatic and administrative services, but held no very important posts in either till 1816, when he was appointed chamberlain to the king. Next year he took his seat at the Diet of Frankfort as representative of Bavaria. He died of apoplexy on the 24th August, 1822. His works are:—1. "Magazin der Bildenden Künste," 1791; 2. "Handbuch der Philosophie des Lebens," 1793; 3. "Catalogue des Estampes gravées par D. Chodowiecky," 1796; 4. "Sammlung der Baierischen Staatsvertrage," 1801.—J. S., G. <section end="227X" /> <section begin="227Y" />ARETIN,, Baron von, was born on the 28th April, 1771. He published a great number of works, chiefly on agricultural science. <section end="227Y" /> <section begin="227YA" />ARETINE,, a composer of Bologna, who lived in the latter part of the seventeenth century. <section end="227YA" /> <section begin="227YB" />ARETINO,, an Italian jurist, who lived in the fifteenth century at Rome and Ferrara, and wrote a commentary on the "Institutes" of Justinian, and on the Pandects. <section end="227YB" /> <section begin="227YC" />ARETINO or ARRETIO,, an Italian writer on canon law, of the thirteenth century. <section end="227YC" /> <section begin="227Zcontin" />ARETINO,, a distinguished scholar of the noble family of Marsuppini of Arezzo, was born about 1399. His father, Gregorio, was secretary to Charles VI. of France, and governor of Genoa. Carlo received his education in Latin from the celebrated Giovanni da Ravenna, and his Greek from Emanuello Gresolora. He became intimate with Cosimo and Lorenzo di Medici. He gave public lectures in Florence, which attracted the attention of the learned, and, amongst others, of Eugenius IV. He was appointed to the chair of rhetoric in Florence, which he filled for many years; having amongst his pupils <section end="227Zcontin" />