Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/222

ARC ARCHELAUS, a Spartan king of the race of the Agides, began his reign of sixty years about 884. His throne was shared by Charilaus, with whom he took Ægys, a town of Laconia.  ARCHELAUS, a Greek philosopher, surnamed , from his having been the first to introduce the physical philosophy of Ionia into Athens, was the son of Apollodorus, or, according to some accounts, of Mydon, and flourished towards the middle of the fifth century before Christ. He was probably a native of Miletus, although by some authors called an Athenian. What is known of his life rests on the authority of Diogenes Laertius, and amounts to this—that he was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and one of the teachers of Socrates. Porphyry adds, that the last-mentioned philosopher, in his youth, visited Samos in company with Archelaus. His philosophy, if we may judge from the scanty notices of it which have reached us from antiquity, formed a sort of link between the Ionian physical and the Athenian ethical schools, and partook of the characteristics of both. None of his works have been preserved, and only a very few of his opinions can be collected from ancient authors. He is said to have maintained that men and animals were formed from the earth by heat—that the sea was supplied by waters oozing through the earth—that the earth was not a plain, but rounded—and in ethics, that the just and the bad are not so by nature, but by law.—J. S., G.  ARCHELAUS, king of Macedonia, son of Perdiccas II., famous for his efforts to introduce into his kingdom the arts and literature of Greece, was at first only distinguished for his cruelty in ridding himself of his rivals. On the death of his father he assassinated his cousin Alexander, and also his half-brother, the son of Perdiccas and Cleopatra, rightful heir to the throne. His reign extended from 413. to 399 ., and was illustrated, according to Thucydides, by a great number of public works, as well as by an unexampled patronage of arts and letters. He was assassinated by Cratæus.—J. S., G.  ARCHELAUS, one of the generals of the army of Alexander the Great, was left at Susa in command of a force of 3000 men; and after the death of that prince obtained the government of Mesopotamia.  ARCHELAUS, a Greek poet of the fourth century ., supposed to have been a native of Chersonesus, in Egypt.  ARCHELAUS, a Greek geographer of the 4th century.  ARCHELAUS, son of Herod the Great by Malthace of Samaria, reigned over Judea, Samaria, and Idumea for a period of nine years from the death of his father. Herod, by a will made a few days before his death, conferred the kingdom on Archelaus, and rescinded a former will in which it had been assigned to Herod Antipas. Antipas appealed to Augustus to confirm the original testament; but the emperor, after hearing both parties at Rome, decided in favour of Archelaus, whom he sent back to Judea with the title of ethnarch. His reign was one of oppression and bloodshed. He massacred three thousand persons during a feast of the passover, their only crime being that they had remonstrated against his attempt to profane the temple by introducing into it the Roman military emblem—a golden eagle. Irritated by his cruelty, and also by his marriage with Glaphyra, widow of his brother Alexander, the Jews, in the ninth or tenth year of his ethnarchate, 6 or 7 ., petitioned the emperor to deliver them from their oppressor; and Archelaus having been cited to Rome, was banished to Vienne, in Dauphiny. Judea and Samaria were annexed to the province of Syria.—J. S., G.  ARCHELAUS, chief general of Mithridates VI. of Pontus, a Cappadocian by birth, commanded the forces of that prince in his first triumphant war against the Romans, and was also successfully employed to negotiate an alliance with the principal states of Greece; but defeated at Chæronea and at Orchomenus by the Roman general Sulla, he brought himself into suspicion with his master by the terms of a treaty of peace to which he consented, and was banished. He repaired to Rome about 81 . Nothing further is known of him. His son

I., high priest of the goddess of Comana (in Pontus), was appointed in 63. to the office of priest in the temple of Artemis Taurica, and to the lordship of the town and territory of Comana, by Pompey the Great. He espoused Berenice, queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and for six months, during the banishment of that prince, occupied the throne; but was defeated in 55. by the Roman general Gabinius, and put to death.

II., son and successor of the preceding, was concerned in some disturbances in Cappadocia, and driven out of that province in 51. by Cicero, then proconsul of Cilicia, and in 47. deprived of his office by Julius Cæsar.

III., son of the preceding, obtained from Antony the sovereignty of Cappadocia, was confirmed in his dominions by Octavius after the battle of Actium; but falling under the suspicion of Tiberius, he was brought to Rome and detained prisoner till his death in 17 .—J. S., G. <section end="222H" /> <section begin="222I" />ARCHELAUS, bishop of Cashara or Carrha, in Mesopotamia, lived about 278. He convened an assembly of heathens to hear a dispute between him and the heretic Manes, who had just escaped from prison. The bishop was victorious, and had his opponent again imprisoned. Archelaus left an account in Syriac of the controversy, which was translated into Greek and Latin. <section end="222I" /> <section begin="222J" />ARCHELAUS, the author of a Greek poem on alchemy, is supposed to have lived in the fifth century. His work is entitled, (an Iambic poem on the sacred art, by Archelaus the philosopher), and exists in MS. in several European libraries. <section end="222J" /> <section begin="222K" />ARCHEMACHUS wrote a book on the history of his native island, and is generally identified with the Archemachus of Eubœa, who is author of a work named , of which we have a fragment in Plutarch. <section end="222K" /> <section begin="222L" />ARCHENHOLZ,, Baron von, a German author, was born at Langenfurt, a suburb of Dantzic, in 1745, and died at Hamburg in 1812. He entered the Prussian army in 1760, and served till the close of the seven-years' war, when he had attained the rank of captain, and received his discharge, as some say, on account of his wounds; according to others, for disreputable conduct. He now travelled over Europe for sixteen years, after which he returned to Germany, and devoted himself to literary work, living principally at Hamburg. His most valuable book is his "Geschichte des Siebenjährigen Krieges" (History of the seven-years' war), 2 vols.; Berlin, 1793. He also wrote a history of Queen Elizabeth, and a history of Gustavus Vasa, with other works.—(Conversations-Lexicon, Zehnte Auflage.)—A. M. <section end="222L" /> <section begin="222M" />ARCHENNUS or ANTHERMOS, one of the earliest Greek sculptors. He is supposed to have been the first to represent Victory with wings. Probably living 560. <section end="222M" /> <section begin="222N" />ARCHER,, physician to Charles II., published a work entitled "Every Man his Own Doctor," in which he gives a compendious herbal. It was printed in London in 1673. <section end="222N" /> <section begin="222O" />ARCHER,, born in 1581, was the friend and correspondent of the antiquary Dugdale, and associated with him in the preparation of his Antiquities of Warwickshire. <section end="222O" /> <section begin="222P" />ARCHER,, an English architect of the school of Vanbrugh, whose chief erections—St. Philip's church at Birmingham, and St. John's in Westminster—were savagely ridiculed by Walpole, but have since found more favourable and even laudatory critics; died in 1743. <section end="222P" /> <section begin="222Q" />ARCHESTRATUS, a Greek poet, born either at Syracuse or at Gela, in Sicily, lived about the year 350. He is the author of a famous poem, called variously ,, and , a manual of good living, in which he embodied vast gastronomical researches. <section end="222Q" /> <section begin="222R" />ARCHESTRATUS, an Athenian general in 407 ., after the battle of Notium superseded Alcibiades in the command of the Athenian fleet. He died at Mitylene. <section end="222R" /> <section begin="222S" />ARCHEVESQUE,, a French poet of the 13th century, author of three poems, called ditties—"Dit de la Dent," "Dit de la mort Largesse," and "Dit de la puissance d'Amour." <section end="222S" /> <section begin="222T" />* ARCHIAC,, Viscount d', a French geologist, born at Rheims in 1802, was an officer of cavalry from 1821 till the revolution of 1830, when he quitted the service. Since the termination of his military career, he has honourably distinguished himself in science by the following works, the last not yet completed:—1. "Memoires sur les sables et grès moyens tertiaires," 1837; 2. "Description géologique du departement de l'Aisne," 1843; 3. "Etudes sur la formation crétacée des versants sud-ouest, nord, et nord-ouest du plateau central de la France," 1843 and 1846; 4. "Histoíres des progrès de la géologie de 1834 à 1851."—J. S., G. <section end="222T" /> <section begin="222Unop" />ARCHIADAS or ARCHIADES, a Greek philosopher of the first half of the fifth century, distinguished for his virtues by the epithet of , was the son-in-law of Plutarch the Athenian, who revived the Platonic philosophy. <section end="222Unop" />