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AND ANDERSON,, a writer of verses, chiefly in the Cumberland dialect, was born at Carlisle in 1770. His parents being extremely poor, he received a very defective education at a charity school, from which he was removed at the age of ten, and apprenticed to the business of pattern-drawing. The greater part of his term of apprenticeship was spent in London. Going one evening to Vauxhall, the songs which he heard so disgusted him that he resolved to try if he could not write better himself. By next morning he had produced a ballad called "Lucy Gray," which, with some others, he offered at Vauxhall. They were accepted, and had a temporary popularity. Returning to his native town in 1796, he cultivated his talent for versifying; and various fugitive pieces of his, which appeared from time to time in the newspapers, attracted considerable attention, particularly his poem of "Betty Brown." These he, in 1805, collected into a volume, which, under the title of "Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect," passed through several editions. In 1820, Anderson's collected works were published at Carlisle in two volumes, accompanied by an autobiography of the poet, and an "Essay on the character and manners of the peasantry of Cumberland," written by Mr. Sanderson, a friend of the author. Robert Anderson died in 1833. The popularity of his writings had brought him little pecuniary profit; and towards the close of his life he lived on the benevolence of friends. His poems, which still enjoy some reputation in his native district, are characterized by homely vigour and coarse humour, suitable to their subjects and to those to whom they were principally addressed.—A. M.  ANDERSON,, born 1793, respected for his piety, pastoral zeal, and earnest pulpit ministrations, became, in 1826, incumbent of Trinity chapel, Brighton, where he continued till his death in 1853. He was the author of several works, of which the chief are—"A Practical Exposition of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans," "The Book of Common Prayer, a Manual of Christian Fellowship," "Discourses on the Lord's Prayer," &c., &c.—J. B., O.  ANDERSON,, a Scotch surgeon, who practised at Leith; author, among other writings, of a paper published in volume ii. of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1790, entitled "Pathological Observations on the Brain," and devoted to the demonstration of these two theses: 1. When one side of the brain is affected, it produces its effects on the opposite side of the body. 2. When both sides are affected, the whole body suffers.—A. M.  ANDERSON,, a Scotch historical writer, fifty years minister of Chirnside in Berwickshire. He is author of a "History of Crœsus, king of Lydia," in which he discusses the question of the inspiration of the ancient oracles; also, of a "History of France," down to the peace of Munster, published in 1769-75-83, a work of no great value; and of "The Philosophy of Ancient Greece investigated in its Origin and Progress," published in 1791; superior to his other works, but now superseded.—A. M.  ANDERSON,, naturalist; surgeon on board the Resolution in Cook's second voyage round the world in 1772-5. The 66th volume of the Philosophical Transactions contains a paper entitled—"An Account of some Poisonous Fish in the South Seas, in a letter to Sir James Pringle, Bart., F.R.S., from Mr. William Anderson, late Surgeon's Mate on board his Majesty's Ship the Resolution, now Surgeon of that Ship." Vol. 68 of the Philosophical Transactions contains another paper by the same author; and there is now in the British Museum a work of his in manuscript, which gives descriptions of new animals and plants which he had seen during his voyages. Anderson died on board the Resolution during Cook's last voyage.—A. M.  ANDERSON,, curator of the botanic garden at Chelsea, was the son of a respectable gardener, who prosecuted his avocation first in the Highlands of Scotland, and subsequently in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. He followed his father's profession, and, after being employed in nurseries near Edinburgh and London, was in 1815 appointed by the Society of Apothecaries superintendent of the garden at Chelsea. He made great improvements in the garden, and placed it in a thriving condition. This situation he filled for nearly thirty-two years. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnæan Society in 1815. He wrote several valuable horticultural papers, which were published in the Gardener's Magazine and the Transactions of the Horticultural Society. He died 6th October, 1846, at an age approaching 80.—J. H. B.  * ANDERSON,, LL.D., was born in the year 1799 at Kilsyth, Stirlingshire, where his father, the Rev. John Anderson, is still United Presbyterian minister, and, though upwards of eighty-six years of age, continues to discharge a great part of pastoral duty (1857). Dr. Anderson studied at the university of Glasgow, and won high honour in many of his classes. During his student course, he was well acquainted with Chalmers and Irving, from the latter of whom, specially, he has imbibed much of that peculiar fervour and enthusiasm for which he is so distinguished. When only twenty-two years of age, he was ordained as minister of John-Street church, Glasgow, where he has since continued to labour, and during a period of thirty-five years has been known throughout Scotland as one of the most original and earnest preachers of the day. Perhaps, however, his fame has been greater on the platform and in the lecture-hall than in the pulpit. He has ever stood forward as the champion of civil and religious freedom, and has endured much opprobrium for his bold denunciation of the tyrannies of Europe, and his warm eulogiums on such men as Kossuth and Joseph Mazzini. He has delivered and published courses of lectures on "The Mass," "Penance," and "The Genius of Popery," which are distinguished from the common attacks on the church of Rome, by their candour and breadth of Christian sympathy. His other works are a volume of "Discourses," and a course of lectures on "Regeneration." He has also written "A defence of the Organ," for the introduction of which into presbyterian worship he is a warm pleader. Dr. Anderson's whole writings are pervaded with an earnest declaration of his belief in the pre-millennial advent, to which alone he looks with hope for the removal of the disorders of the world. For a fair estimate of his powers, the reader is referred to Mr. Gilfillan's "Second Gallery of Literary Portraits."—J. B.  ANDERSON-TORRY,, author of the words and music of "The Araby Maid" and other songs, was the youngest son of Patrick Torry, D.D., bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dunblane. He was born at Peterhead, 9th July, 1805, was educated at Marischal college, Aberdeen, and the university of Edinburgh, and became incumbent of St. Paul's, episcopal church, Dundee. Died at Aberdeen, 1856.—C. R. <section end="177J" /> <section begin="177K" />ANDERTON,, an English painter of the seventeenth century, the pupil of Robert Streater, and to some extent the rival of Sir Peter Lely. Charles II. and the leading members of his court sat to Anderton. Besides portraits, he also painted landscapes and still-life pictures. See "The Art of Painting, &c., from the French of M. de Piles," London, 1706.—A. M. <section end="177K" /> <section begin="177L" />ANDERTON,, of Lostock in Lancashire, the probable author of a remarkable controversial work in favour of Roman Catholicism, lived about the commencement of the seventeenth century. The work in question—"The Protestant's Apologie for the Roman Church"—as well as others from the same pen, purported to be written by one "John Brerely, priest;" but the real name of this individual is involved in much obscurity. It seems most probable that John Brerely was identical with James, younger brother of Roger Anderton of Birchley in Lancashire, who died in 1640. The writer of the "Protestant's Apologie" proceeds upon the principle of justifying each separate tenet of the Roman catholic church by passages quoted from protestant writers. The work passed through three editions, and was admitted, even by the opposite party, to be weighty and important. Brerely's other writings are—"A Treatise of the Liturgy of the Mass, concerning the Sacrifice, Real Presence, and Service in Latin," Cologne, 1620, 4to; "St. Austin's Religion," 1620, 8vo; and "The Reformed Protestant," mentioned by Gee in his "Foot out of the Snare."—A. M. <section end="177L" /> <section begin="177M" />ANDERTON,, descended from a protestant family of Lancashire, and educated in the protestant faith, became a catholic and jesuit. In his youth, at Christ's college, Cambridge, he is said by Anthony-a-Wood to have received the epithet of "golden-mouthed," on account of his eloquence. His works are—"The Progeny of Catholics and Protestants," Rouen, 1634, 8vo; "The Triple Cord," Saint Omer, 1634, 8vo; "One God—One Faith," 8vo. Amongst his jesuit brethren he was noted also as a controversialist.—A. M. <section end="177M" /> <section begin="177Nnop" />ANDJOU, , a learned Persian, who lived at the court of the Sultans Akbar and Djihanguir. He was one of the principal authors of the great Persian dictionary called "Ferhenki Djihanguiri," begun under Akbar, and completed under Djihanguir in 1609. <section end="177Nnop" />