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CUY be incomplete did we not refer to three other of his works. We have before spoken of his "Ossemens Fossiles;" in 1825 he republished the introductory essay to this work, under the title "Discours sur les Revolutions de la surface du Globe." This work has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and into our own by the late Professor Jamieson of Edinburgh, under the title of "Theory of the Earth." In this work we have the grand outline given of a history of the earth, and with few modifications, it is that which is held by the most distinguished geologists of the present day. To Cuvier is due the credit of having brought together the scattered facts of mineralogy, chemistry, botany, and zoology, in such a manner as to make them tell the history of the world.

Another great work was his "Regne Animal." Wherever the gross ignorance of a false education has not excluded the study of natural science this work is known. It was originally published in Paris in 1817 in four volumes. Several editions have since appeared. It has been translated twice into the English language, and into almost every other European language. It contained a resumè of all that was known on the structure and habits of the animal kingdom, and has in no way been superseded, in a zoological point of view, by any other work. In this work Cuvier was assisted, in the department of insects, by Lattreille. In the department of ichthyology he obtained the services of Valenciennes. This part of zoology being in an unsatisfactory state led Cuvier, in conjunction with Valenciennes, to make further researches, the results of which have been published in the "Natural History of Fishes," a work that was commenced in 1828, and has been completed since the death of Cuvier.

In concluding this notice of his literary introductions we ought not to forget his "Eloges." It is the practice of the academy in France to devolve on some one of its members the duty of pronouncing an eloge on the death of any distinguished man. This duty often fell to the lot of Cuvier, and the eloges thus pronounced have been some of the most remarkable produced before this learned assemblage. The dead thus honoured were very numerous, but amongst them we may mention—Bruguière, Daubenton, Le Mourrier, Priestley, Adanson, Lampriere, Bonnet, Fourcroy, Pallas, Rumford, Werner, Sir Joseph Banks, Delambre, Berthollet, Lacepede, Fabbrioni, Ramond, Sir Humphry Davy. These eloges have been published separately in three volumes. A correct view of the lives of these great men can hardly be said to be obtained without the eloges of Cuvier.—E. L.  CUYP. See.  CYPRIANUS,, a distinguished bishop of north Africa, born at the commencement of the third century, probably at Carthage. Belonging to a distinguished family, he obtained an education fitted to foster a nobility of spirit and understanding. His father was a heathen; and he himself became a teacher of rhetoric in his native city. By the exhortations of a christian presbyter, Cæcilius, he was led to embrace the christian faith, and received the rite of baptism, after he had been thoroughly instructed in the new religion, in 246. He now devoted himself wholly to the study of the scriptures and church doctrines, denied himself every kind of luxury or superfluity, sold his two estates, and distributed their proceeds among the poor. Soon after his baptism he was chosen presbyter in 247; though this was contrary to the letter of the church laws. Next year, 248, the voice of the people and the majority of the clergy called him to the bishopric of Carthage. His elevation, although heartily concurred in by the people, offended some of the older presbyters, who commenced a systematic opposition to his efforts for the good of the church. His severe and rigorous character as a disciplinarian brought him into collision also with the corrupt clergy of his diocese. When the persecution of Decius broke out in 250, Cyprian was immediately selected as a victim; the cry of the multitude was, "Cyprianum ad leonem." By a timely flight from the city he escaped the rage of his adversaries. During the period of his exile he did not neglect the church, but kept up an active correspondence with many of its members. After Easter he returned to Carthage in 251. The reputation and authority of Cyprian rose very high after a pestilence which visited with fearful ravages the kingdom in general and Carthage in particular; during which he showed great kindness to the sick, and freely administered both assistance and consolation. During this dreadful time he also wrote his celebrated epistle to Demetrianus. Cyprian soon after became involved in a controversy with Stephen, bishop of Rome, respecting the baptism of heretics, in 253. When Stephen refused to receive the African legates sent to Rome, Cyprian appealed to the Asiatic bishops, in whose name Firmilian, bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, wrote a very strong letter to Stephen, condemning his uncharitable and arrogant pretensions. The African bishops, also, in a synod held at Carthage, unanimously protested against Rome. While these things were taking place. Valerian began to persecute the christians. Cyprian was pledged to die a martyr's death, because he had previously written a treatise "De Exhortatione Martyrii," exhorting the christians to steadfastness under the persecution of Gallus. On the 30th August, 257, he was summoned before the proconsul Aspasius Paternus, and commanded to sacrifice to the gods. Refusing to do so, he was banished to Curubis, a day's journey from Carthage. From this quiet residence he was recalled by Valerius Maximus, the successor of Paternus, before whom he had his final hearing on the 14th of September, 258, and calmly received the sentence of death, with the words—"God be thanked." Led forth to an open square without the city, his head was severed from his body by the sword. His life was written by Pontius, the African presbyter, who continued his steady friend under all circumstances. His works consist of eighty-one letters and thirteen treatises, which most reckon genuine. The best editions are those of Fell, bishop of Oxford, 1682, folio, containing Pearson's Annales Cyprianici, reprinted at Amsterdam, 1700, with the addition of Dodwell's Dissertationes Cvprianicæ; and of Baluze, completed by Maran, 1726, folio, Paris.—S. D.  CYRIL,, and , the apostles of t he Slavonians, were natives of Thessalonica, born in the first half of the ninth century. At an early age the former, whose name was Constantine, exhibited superior talents, and was taken to Constantinople, where he acquired distinction, procured the friendship of Photius, and taught philosophy; on which account perhaps he was surnamed. But his piety turned him in another direction; he entered into the clerical office, took up his abode in a monastery, and lived in seclusion along with his brother Methodius. In the year 860, an embassy was sent to the Greek Emperor Michael III., requesting him to send learned missionaries of the Greek church, able to dispute with Jews and Moslems, to the Chazars, a Tartar race, inhabiting the country from the north-east of the Black Sea to the lower Volga. Michael sent them Constantine. A great number embraced the new religion; though there never seems to have been an organization of the Greek church among them. Constantine afterwards laboured among the Slavic Bulgarians and southern Slavi. He translated the holy scriptures and the most important liturgical books into the Slavic. Both Constantine and Methodius, in 863, repaired to the court of Radislav, the founder of a Moravian kingdom, where they were received with every mark of respect, and liberally encouraged in their missionary work. The brothers set out for Italy in 868, and were honourably treated by Pope Hadrian II. Hadrian undertook to organize the new ecclesiastical province, and proposed to consecrate the two apostles bishops of the Slaves. The elder brother, however, worn out by his arduous labours, died shortly after in February, 869. Methodius having been consecrated archbishop of the Pannonian diocese, returned to his labours. His subsequent history is only a dreary record of opposition and disappointment, incurred through the aversion of the Germanic bishops to the establishment of an independent Moravian hierarchy. Methodius, according to the Pannonian legend, died in 885. It is now difficult, if not altogether impossible, to separate the legendary and fictitious from the true, in the lives of these Slavic missionaries.—S. D.  CYRILL was born at Alexandria at the end of the fourth century. After living for some time as a monk in the Nitrian desert, he succeeded his uncle Theophilus in the episcopal chair of Alexandria in 412. Immediately upon his elevation, he shut up the churches of the Novatians, took away all the sacred vessels belonging to them, and deprived their bishop of his goods. He also banished all the Jews from Alexandria, pulled down their synagogue, and plundered it. He quarrelled with Orestes, governor of Egypt, and occasioned various insurrections in Alexandria. If he did not instigate the murder of Hypatia, the celebrated female philosopher, he had some 