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CHE Among; his works, all of which cannot be specified here, are—"The Hill Difficulty and other Allegories;" "The Windings of the River of the Water of Life;" "Lectures on Bunyan and the Pilgrim's Progress;" and "Wanderings of a Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mount Blanc and the Jungfrau Alp."—F. B.  CHEFEZ, (in Italian, Gentile), died at Venice in 1711, at the age of forty-eight years, and not, as Rossi erroneously states, one hundred and three years old.—(See a notice by S. D. Luzzatto in the Orient, 1847, Lit. B., p. 280.) He was an eminent scholar, as well read in the philosophical writings of christians as in the Talmud and the Kabbala of the Jews. His philosophical commentary on the Pentateuch, entitled by him in Hebrew, "Melecheth Machshebeth" (Work of Thought), and styled in Latin, "Opus ad inventum," gives ample evidence of his great learning. His views on the souls of animals gave offence to the orthodox rabbins of his age, who felt inclined, it is said, to interdict the work in consequence. Under the title of "Cha-nukath Ha-bayith" (the Inauguration of the House), he described with great care and erudition the second temple at Jerusalem.—T. T.  CHEFFONTAINES (in Latin, A ), , a French cordelier, born in 1532; died in 1595. After teaching theology at Rome, he was chosen general of his order in 1571. When the term of his rule expired, he was made archbishop of Cæsarea by Gregory XIII. Cheffontaines was charged with heresy, but had his orthodoxy satisfactorily established by the Holy See.—R. M., A.  CHEKE,, a celebrated English scholar of the sixteenth century, was born of a good family in 1514 at Cambridge, where he was early admitted a member of St. John's college. Devoting himself to the classical languages, he soon became a distinguished student, particularly for his knowledge of Greek, which was at that time almost entirely neglected in the English universities. Thomas Smith, a member of Queen's college, was one of the few students at Cambridge who shared in Cheke's tastes and pursuits, and a close intimacy and friendship sprang up between them, which continued through life. Having been brought under the notice of Henry VIII. by Dr. Butts, the king's physician, Cheke was nominated king's scholar along with Smith, and a handsome stipend was assigned to him to enable him, not only to prosecute his studies at home, but also to visit foreign universities and courts. His services as a fellow and tutor of St. John's were of the greatest importance in the revival of learning and scriptural theology in the university. "He directed," says his biographer Strype, "to a better method of study, and to more substantial and useful learning, so that he was said by one that knew him well, to have laid the very foundation of learning in that college." Strype here refers to Roger Ascham, who was a pupil of Cheke's, along-with many other men who were afterwards highly distinguished in church and state—such as Bill, Lever, Pilkington, Hutchinson, and William Cecil. In or about 1540 a professorship of Greek having been founded in Cambridge by Henry VIII., Cheke was appointed to the chair, though only in his twenty-seventh year. His appointment gave a great stimulus to Greek studies in the university, and having embraced the views of Greek pronunciation which were first broached at Cambridge by his friend Sir Thomas Smith, he did his utmost to recommend and introduce the new and improved method. This innovation, however, gave offence to many who were jealous or envious of the influence of the young scholar, and involved him in an unpleasant controversy with Bishop Gardiner, then chancellor of the university, who was so illiberal as to issue an order for the discontinuation of the new style of pronunciation. In 1544 Cheke was appointed joint-tutor, along with Sir Anthony Cooke, of Prince Edward—afterwards Edward VI.—and his instructions powerfully contributed to form the character, and determine the faith of the future monarch. His services were liberally rewarded by Edward on his accession to the crown. He received the honour of knighthood, along with a gift of lands sufficient to enable him to maintain this new rank, and was advanced, in succession, to several offices of high honour and trust in the court and in the public service. On the death of Edward his fortunes declined. Having espoused the cause of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, and acted for a short time as her secretary of state, he was committed to the Tower by Queen Mary, and though pardoned and released in the following year (1554), he found it desirable to consult his safety from persecution on the score of religion, by obtaining leave to withdraw to the continent. He went first to Basle, then to Padua, where he gave lectures to some of his countrymen on Demosthenes; and next to Strasburg, where he was compelled, by the confiscation of his whole property at home, to support himself by giving lessons in the Greek language. Hearing, in the beginning of 1556, that his wife had come from England to Brussels, he set off to join her there. But his enemies were on the watch for him, and he was arrested on the road between Brussels and Antwerp, hurried on board an English ship, and carried prisoner under hatches to London. The offence laid to his charge was, that he had exceeded the time allowed him in his leave of absence from the kingdom, and that he had openly associated himself with the worship of the heretical exiles at Strasburg. Dr. Feckenham, the popish dean of St. Paul's, was sent to reason with him in the Tower on the doctrines of the church, and he was brought into the presence of Cardinal Pole, who counselled him to return to the unity of the faith. The alternative was a fearful one—recant or burn—and Cheke's courage and constancy were not equal to such an emergency. He consented to be submissive to the queen's pleasure; he only begged that he might be spared the humiliation of a public recantation. But even this poor satisfaction was sternly refused him, and he was compelled to make an open retractation before the whole court. The pangs of his remorse and shame were extreme, and he died of a broken heart in Wood Street, London, September 13, 1557. To Sir John Cheke belongs the honour of having been one of the foremost revivers of classical knowledge in England, and especially one of the first to infuse that love of Greek learning which has ever since continued to adorn the English universities. His principal works are—"De Pronunciatione Græcæ potissimum linguæ Disputationes." "De Superstitione"—addressed to Henry VIII., and prefixed to a translation of Plutarch's treatise on the same subject; "De Obitu doctissimi et sanctissimi Theologi Domini Martini Buceri, Epistolæ Duæ:" London, 1551; "The Hurt of Sedition, how grievous it is to a Commonwealth," 1549.—P. L.  CHELMSFORD. See.  CHELSUM,, D.D., a learned divine of the church of England, author of "Remarks on Gibbon's Roman History," 1772, a work which excited some attention, was born in 1740, and died rector of Droxford in Hampshire in 1801.—J. S., G.  CHEMNITZ,, a distinguished Lutheran theologian of the sixteenth century, was born on the 9th of November 1522, at Treuenbritzen in the Middle Marck of Brandenburg, where his father, though sprung from an ancient noble family, carried on the trade of a clothmaker. After studying for some time at Frankfort-on-the-Oder under the eye of his relative, Professor George Sabinus, he repaired in 1545 to Wittemberg, where he became a favourite student of Melancthon, by whose advice he directed his special attention to mathematics and astrology. When the university of Wittemberg was scattered and almost annihilated by the Smalkaldic war in 1547, he withdrew to Königsberg where Sabinus had preceded him, and was appointed rector of the cathedral school. Here he continued till 1553, occupying himself chiefly with the systematic study of theology in all its branches, and amassing an immense store of learning, of which he gave the first public example in a controversy which he maintained during those years with Andreas Osiander, one of the Königsberg theologians, on the subject of the Lutheran doctrine of justification, on which Osiander had proposed several very material and indeed dangerous modifications. His opponent, however, prevailed in the strife, and Chemnitz was obliged to leave Konigsberg. Returning to Wittemberg, he was cordially welcomed by Melancthon, and began, by his advice, to deliver lectures in the university on Melancthon's Loci Communes. But an invitation to settle in Brunswick having been offered him in 1554, he accepted it, and in that city he spent the remainder of his life; first as coadjutor in the pastorate, then as pastor, and, finally, as superintendent. He died, 8th April, 1586. Chemnitz was one of the most learned theologians of the Lutheran church. He took a prominent part along with Andreà against the Crypto-Calvinists, and in the drawing up of the Formula Concordiæ; and he highly distinguished himself by his polemical treatises against the jesuits and the decrees of the council of Trent. His principal writings were as follows—"Loci Theologici, quibus et Loci Communes Phil. Melancthonis perspicue explicantur:" Frankfort, 1591; "Theologiæ Jesuitarum præcipua capita:" Leipzig, 