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CHA The Macdonalds, Camerons, M'Phersons, M'Gregors, and other Jacobite clans flocked to the camp in considerable numbers, and Charles in a short time found himself at the head of several thousand men, ill-armed many of them, and slenderly provided with warlike equipments, but all of them brave, active, hardy, and skilled in the use of their own weapons. The almost incredible stupidity of Sir John Cope in marching to Inverness where there was no enemy at all to encounter (see ), having left the low country open to the Highlanders without obstruction, Charles promptly took advantage of this blunder, and at once began his march to the south. On the 17th of September he was in possession of Edinburgh, and next day took up his quarters in Holyrood palace, Cope meanwhile had transported his troops by sea from Aberdeen to Dunbar, and was on his march towards the city. On receiving intelligence of his movements, the Highlanders marched out to meet him on the 20th of September, and found his forces encamped near the village of Prestonpans, a few miles to the east of Edinburgh. Next day a battle took place, which terminated in the complete destruction of the royal army. This victory made Charles master of the whole of Scotland, with the exception of the castles of Edinburgh and Stirling, and a few insignificant Highland forts. He was eager to march immediately into England, but his proposal was overruled by his council, and he spent several weeks in the palace of his ancestors, discharging the functions of royalty, issuing proclamations, exacting forced loans and contributions, holding levees, giving balls, and exerting himself to the utmost to render his entertainments attractive, and to secure the public favour. His prepossessing personal appearance, well-formed and regular features, dignified mien, and easy graceful manners, contributed not a little to increase the popularity of his cause. On the 31st of October, the prince quitted Edinburgh and began his romantic march towards London, at the head of between five and six thousand men. He entered England by the western border on the 8th of November, and took the town of Carlisle, after a feeble resistance. He then resumed his march through the northern counties without meeting any opposition, but obtaining little countenance from the people. On the 4th of December the insurgents reached Derby, only 127 miles from London; but their condition had become exceedingly perilous, opposed as they were by three armies, each more numerous than their own, with no prospect of succours from France, and no symptoms of any rising in their favour among the people of England. The chiefs were unanimously convinced of the necessity of a retreat, and in spite of the obstinate resistance of Charles, they commenced their retrograde movement on the 6th of December. They crossed the Scottish border on the 20th, and marching through the south-western counties, they entered Glasgow on Christmas day. After levying heavy contributions on that staunch whig and presbyterian city, the Highlanders proceeded to Stirling, and spent several weeks in an unwise and fruitless attempt to reduce the castle. On the 17th of January, 1746, they out-manœuvred and defeated, on Falkirk moor, the royal army under the incompetent and brutal General Hawley, and captured his cannon, military stores, and baggage. But this was the last of their triumphs. The approach of the duke of Cumberland at the head of a greatly superior force, compelled them to abandon the siege of Stirling castle on the 1st of February, and to retreat towards their Highland fastnesses. They spent two months at Inverness, suffering great privations from the scarcity both of money and provisions. At length, on the 16th of April, they gave battle on Drummossie moor, near Culloden, to the duke of Cumberland, under every disadvantage as regards inferiority in the numbers, equipments, arrangement, and condition of their forces, and even the locality of the fight; and after a brief but fierce struggle, were defeated with great slaughter. The conquerors behaved with shocking cruelty to the prisoners and the wounded, as well as to the defenceless inhabitants of the surrounding country, leaving neither house, cottage, man, nor beast, within the compass of fifty miles.

The interesting and romantic adventures of Charles after the battle of Culloden, form one of the strangest chapters in history. For upwards of four months he wandered from place to place in constant peril of his life, subjected to almost incredible hardships and privations. Sometimes he found refuge alone in caves and huts, sometimes he lay in forests or on mountain tops, with one or two attendants; frequently he was compelled to pass the night in the open air exposed to every vicissitude of the weather, suffering from hunger and thirst, often barefooted, and with clothes worn to tatters. In the course of his wanderings, he had occasion to trust his life to the fidelity of a great number of individuals, many of whom were in the humblest walks of life; and yet not one of them could be induced to betray him, even by the offer of a reward of £30,000. At length a privateer of St. Maloes, hired by his adherents, arrived in Loch Nannuagh, and Charles embarked on board that vessel for France, accompanied by Lochiel and a few other friends, and on the 29th of September, 1746, landed in Brittany.

It would have been well for the reputation of Charles if he had perished at Culloden. The faults of his character gathered strength with his advancing years; and sad to relate, humiliating habits of intoxication, and family discords, arising out of an unhappy union with Louisa of Stolberg, a German princess, darkened the close of his unhappy career. After his compulsory removal from France in 1748, on the conclusion of peace with England, he went first to Venice and then to Flanders. He continued for years to be the object of the hopes of the Jacobites and the centre of their intrigues, and in 1750 ventured to pay a visit to London, for the purpose of promoting a scheme which was soon found to be impracticable. In 1766 he laid aside the title of prince of Wales, and assumed that of count D'Albany. He died at Rome, 31st January, 1788, in his sixty-eighth year, and was interred in the cathedral church of Frescati.—His brother, a cardinal, and titular duke of York, the last male heir of the line of Stuart, survived till 1807. He was a prince of a mild and amiable character, and during the latter years of his life was supported by an annuity of £4000, assigned him by the British government.—J. T.    CHARLES I. See.  CHARLES II. See I. of France.  CHARLES III., surnamed, son of Louis le Germanique, was born in 832, and at his father's death inherited the German portion of his dominions with the imperial title; his brothers, Louis and Carloman, being crowned kings of France. After the death of these princes in 881, he was called to the throne of France during the minority of Charles the Simple. His reign was short and inglorious, being seriously disturbed by the incursions of the Normans, whom he was obliged to propitiate by large concessions. He was deposed in 887, and in the course of the following year died poor and neglected.—W. B.  CHARLES IV., son of John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, was elected emperor at the death of Louis of Bavaria in 1347, but had difficulty in establishing himself on the imperial throne. His subserviency to the pope displeased the electors, and an attempt was made to substitute Edward III. of England, whose wars with France, however, did not permit him to take advantage of the movement in his favour. Charles at length succeeded in securing the imperial dignity, and was subsequently consecrated king of the Romans by the pope. He fixed his residence at Prague, and spent his principal care on his patrimonial kingdom of Bohemia, to which Brandenburg and Silesia were annexed in his reign. His most important act was the issuing of the "golden bull," in 1355, which defined the respective rights of the electors and the emperor, and is still looked to as a basis of the Germanic constitution. He died in 1378, leaving the imperial dignity and the crown of Bohemia to his son Wenceslas, who enjoyed the former only two years.—W. B.  CHARLES V., emperor of Germany and king of Spain, was born at Ghent, 24th February, 1500. He was the son of Philip the Handsome, archduke of Austria, and Joanna, second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Arragon, and the grandson of the Emperor Maximilian, and of Wary, the only child of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. His early years were spent in the Low Countries, under the care of two princesses of great abilities, Margaret of Austria, his aunt, and Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV. of England. William de Croy, lord of Chievres, was appointed governor of the young prince, and Adrian of Utrecht, his preceptor; and both seem to have discharged the duties of their respective offices with great fidelity. Charles early showed a passion for the chase and martial exercises, rather than for books and learning; but he was carefully instructed in the history of his kingdom and in the art of government, and thus acquired the habits of gravity, thoughtfulness, and reserve, for which he was distinguished through life. At the age of six Charles lost his father, and his Flemish dominions were intrusted 