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 350 Id.

351 2 U.S.C. § 601 et seq.

352 Williams Dep. Tr. at 91-92; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 182; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 162; Sandy Dep. Tr. at 99.

353 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 195.

354 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 182.

355 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 54.

356 Id. at 54, 96-98.

357 Id. at 97.

358 Id. at 97.

359 Hale Dep. Tr. at 81.

360 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 47.

361 Hale Dep. Tr. at 81; see also Vindman Dep. Tr. at 184 ("It was unanimous consensus on the approach that we had laid out in expanding engagement, the areas of cooperation that we wanted to focus on, and that this should be elevated to a PC as quickly as possible to release the hold on security assistance because we're talking about the end of July, and time these funds were set to expire September 30th, so there was some urgency to it."); Cooper Dep. Tr. at 49 ("Although each member went around to talk about how important it [security assistance] was and how they assessed the future in Ukraine based on the recent election results.").

362 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 165.

363 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 93.

364 Id. at 49, 93.

365 Nixon's Presidency: Crisis for Congress, New York Times (Mar. 5, 1973) (online at www nytimes.com/1973/03/05/archives/nixons-presidency-crisis-for-congress-this-is-the-second-of-a html).

366 Congressional Research Service, The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344) Legislative History and Analysis (Feb. 26, 1975) (online at https://budgetcounsel files.wordpress.com/2018/05/added-crs-thecongressional-budget-act-of-1974-p-l-93-344-legislative-history-and-analysis-order-code-75-94-s-february-261975.pdf).

367 Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation, The History of the 1921 and 1974 Budget Acts (Nov. 26, 2014); So… this is Nixon's Fault?, Politico (Oct. 21, 2015) (online at www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/richard-nixon-congressional-budget-control-act-history-000282).

368 2 U.S.C. § 683.

369 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Impoundment Control Act—Withholding of Funds through Their Date of Expiration (Dec. 10, 2018) (online at www.gao.gov/assets/700/695889.pdf).

370 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 47-48. With regard to interagency discussions about the legality of the hold, Vindman testified "[s]o I'm not a legal expert, but there was a sufficient amount of—a significant amount of work done to determine whether it was legal for OMB to be able to place the hold. … I think at the—so my recollection in the [July 18th] sub-PCC was that the matter was raised; at the [July 23rd] PCC, it was tasked for further development; and I think by the time it got to our [July 26th] DSG it was determined that, you know, there was a legal basis to hold." Vindman Dep. Tr. at 185.

371 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 184.

372 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 165.

373 Id. at 264.

374 Id.

375 Id.