Page:Ido Exhaustive Textbook Talmey 1919.pdf/22

 nouns formed from the personal pronouns are: mea, my, mine; tua, your, yours; lua, his, hers, its, etc.

7. The demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns are: ca, ica, ilca, elca, olca, this; ci, ici, etc., these; ta, ita, ilta, elta, olta, that; ti, iti, etc., those; qua, ilqua, etc., who, which, that; plural: qui, who, which, that; neuter: co, this; to, that; quo, what.

8. The determinatives are: altra, another; ipsa, self; irga, any whatever; kelka, some; multa, much; nula, none; omna, all, every; plura, several; poka, little; quala, what kind of; quanta, how much; sama, same; singla, every single; tala, such; tanta, so much; ula, some, a certain.

As pronouns these words end in singular in -u and in plural in -i.

9. The numbers are: zero, 0; un, 1; du, 2; tri, 3; quar, 4; kin, 5; sis, 6; sep, 7; ok, 8; non, 9; dek, 10; dek e un, 11; dek e du, 12, etc.; duadek, 20; triadek, 30; quaradek, 40, etc.; kinadek e sis, 56; sisadek e sep, 67, etc.; cent, 100; cent e un, 101; cent e nonadek e tri, 193; okacent, 800; mil, 1000; sepamil, 7000; million (accent on the o), million The ordinal and fractional numbers are formed by the endings esma and imo respectively. When these numbers are nouns they end in -esmo and -imo. 10. The prepositions have no characteristic endings: a (ad), to; de, from; di, of; da, by; ek, from; lor, at the time of; kun, with; pri, about; sen, without; ye, at, in, on, with; etc. 11. Coordinate conjunctions are: do, then, therefore; e (ed), and; ka (kad) introduces a direct question; ma, but; o (od), or; nam, for; ya, certainly, indeed; etc. Subordinate conjunctions are: ka (kad), whether, if; kande, when; ke, that; etc. 12. Word Formation. New words are formed by prefixes and suffixes. The former precede the word, the latter are inserted between the root and the grammatical endings. The prefixes are: anti-, against: antipolo, antipole; arki-, arch: arkianjelo, archangel; bo-, relationship by marriage: bopatro, parent-in-law; des-, contrary: deshonoro, dishonor; dis-, dispersion: disdonar, to distribute; ex-, former office: exprezidanto, ex-president; gala-, gala: galadio, galaday; ge-, persons of both sexes: gepatri, parents; mi-, half: mifratino, half sister; mis-, wrong action: misguidar, to misguide; ne-, negation: nevidebla, invisible; par-, thoroughness: parlernar, to learn thoroughly; para-, protection against: parapluvo, umbrella; pre-, pre-: prematura, premature; retro-, back: retrosendar, to send back; ri-, repetition: rividar, to see again; sen-, less: senmova, motionless; stifa-, step-: stifafilio, stepchild. The suffixes are: -ach, pejorative: medikacho, quack; -ad, duration: pafado, fusillade; 10