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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS

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��precisely the same as they would be outside of a compound, and that whatever phonetic changes they suffer is not due to intimate association in the compound. Thus uwlyd'" SOMEBODY (48) becomes uwlya'a, because the stem kAski ABILITY begins with a con- sonant. Similarly Kickapoo awiydhi SOME- THING retains the terminal i to show that the form is inanimate singular (J. Kickapoo, 127). A less clear case is Fox wi'pwdwuwiyd'And- 'kwAmAtAminitc' THAT NO ONE WOULD BE SICK. This stands for wi'pwdwi-uwlyd'Ani- d' kwAmAtAminitc'. The elision of i in both instances is due to ordinary euphonic rules. The difficulty is, that in the sentence it is necessary to carefully distinguish identity and difference in the third person, a well-known feature of Algonquian languages. Hence it is that uwlyd'" needs an obviative, which is uwlyd'An'. The obviatives of indefinite pronouns are not discussed in the Fox sketch in the "Handbook of American Indian Languages," but they exist; exactly as do obviatives of demonstrative pronouns, pointed out by me elsewhere (J. Kickapoo, 127). The formation is exactly the same as in animate nouns. Note that terminal ATI' loses its ' because a vowel immediately follows, and for no other reason. For uH Atninitc', see 29, 34; t, 21; pwdwi, below, p. 54; d'kwAttiA is the stem, meaning SICK. Another example is d'pwdwigdmegupuwiyd'AnikAs- kipydnutAminitc' IT is INDEED SAID THAT NO

ONE SUCCEEDED IN REACHING IT (awigwam).

In this case the terminal ' of uwlyd'An' has become full-sounding, as a consonant immedi- ately follows. A brief analysis of the whole compound is: d Aminitc', 29, 34; pwdwi, an original verbal stem which in Fox is used as a modal negation; gd and megu, particles of weak meanings; p for pi, a quotative (cf. 41) ; kAski ABILITY, pyd MOVEMENT HITHER- WARD, both well-known verbal stems ( 16); nu, a verbal stem of no independent existence ; the combination pydnu means REACH.

��The inclusion of particles and adverbs within verbal compounds has been sufficiently illustrated in the above-mentioned paper. I may add, however, that it would be an easy matter to give almost unlimited examples.

Formerly I could give but two examples of verbal compounds included within other verbal compounds. To these I now add d'pwdwimegunAndcima'katdwino'i'netc' HE NEVER WAS TOLD,. "FAST." This stands for d'-pwdwi-megu-nAndci-ma 'katdwino-inetc'; ma-'katdwino is a rhetorical lengthening of ma'kat&win" (see 6) ; the imperative sen- tence is in the midst of another sentence. For -n" see 31; d etc*, 41; pwdwi, as above; similarly megu; nAndci, an adverb, used apparently only with negatives, with the combined sense of NEVER; i, 16; n, 21, but conventionalized in meaning.

This leads me to discuss a new type of verbal composition; namely, where, from our point of view, Fox has a sentence within a verbal compound, which, from the Fox point of view, is quite distinct from the type above. An example is keklcimeguydwenepowaneme- nepen" WE INDEED ALREADY THOUGHT YOU WERE DEAD. This stands for ke-klci-megu- yowe-nep-o-w-dne-m-e-nepen": kid and megu have been explained above; yowe is an adverb meaning IN THE PAST, dne is a stem which, so far as known, cannot occur independently, and has the meaning MENTAL ACTIVITY ( 18) ; m is used simply to transitivize the verb ( 37) ; e is to prevent the combination mn; ke nepen a are the subjective and objective pro- nominal elements ( 28) ; nep is a verbal stem of considerable independence, meaning TO DIE; I cannot as yet give the value of o, but we find nepohvuf as well as nepvf, apparently both with the same meaning; the w is also unexplained, but see p. 53. In the combina- tion, nep is simply an object clause. An example almost the same as the above is wdtci nepowdnemendg' WHY WE THOUGHT YOU WERE DEAD. For -ndg e, the pronominal elements, see 29. On the same order is

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