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 NO. I

��NOTES ON ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGES

��lation on the part of an interpreter, and a faulty phonetic restoration on my part.

In the paper mentioned above I also stated that incorporation of the nominal object did not occur. 1 It does not if we follow the argument of the preceding paragraph; we do find loose composition- wherein the objective noun is in the midst of a verbal complex. The example of the preceding paragraph is absolutely parallel to ne,pydtciketdnesawdpA- mdpen" WE HAVE COME TO SEE THY DAUGH- TER. 2 In this verbal complex, ketanes" THY DAUGHTER is treated precisely as it would be in a sentence before a word beginning with a consonant. If I am asked to define under what circumstances the nominal object is within the verbal compound and when without it, I candidly admit I do not know, any more than I know under precisely what conditions particles, independent pronouns (see below), and so on, occur within or without the verbal complex. I say this, after going over hundreds of pages of Fox texts; and it is precisely this inability to define the conditions that leads me to believe in an ex- treme looseness of structure: that is, for the greater part there are no hard and fast rules.

To go on with examples. An example where a locative singular of a noun is in a verbal complex without losing the locative- making element is pwdwaskutdgipAgise' kA-

mdn' THAT I DID NOT JAM MY FOOT IN THE

FIRE (J. 306.21). Here askutagi IN THE FIRE is between two verbal stems.

The following are some cases in which independent personal pronouns are found in the heart of verbal compounds: initcd 1 ' ivl'utcindnlndnatdpwe'tondg e THAT VERILY is

WHY WE SHALL BELIEVE YOU (mndn" WE

1 For recent discussions of nominal incorporation in American Indian languages, see Boas, Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part I. (BBAE 40: 74, 75); Putnam Anniversary Volume, 436; Sapir, AA N. s., 13 : 250-282; Kroeber, XVI Internal. Amerikanisten-Kongress, 569-576; AA N. s., 13 : 577-

584-

1 See Journ. Wash. Acad. Sc., 4 : 405.

��excl., 44), ketcagimegukinwdwakegApihenepw a dme'tosdneniwite'kdsoydgw 1 i HAVE PLACED IT

ALL FOR YOU WHO ARE CALLED MORTALS (kitl-

wawP YOU, 44), klwicigimegune' kinwdwapese- tawipen" YOU ARE TO LISTEN VERY ATTENTIVELY TO us (kinwdw* YOU, 44). From these it appears that not only subjective, but objec- tive, independent pronouns may occur in the midst of a verbal compound. It should be noticed that the presence of the independent pronouns does not in the least affect the verbal pronouns (for -ndg e see 29 ; for ke nepw, 28; for ki ipen", 28). It is to be noted that in all cases a particle occurs before the independent pronoun. Whether this will turn out to be an unvarying rule, I do not know.

Instances of demonstrative pronouns occur- ring in verbal complexes without suffering the loss of such terminal elements as show animateness or inanimateness, and singularity or plurality, are: kicinakAnone'k' AFTER THAT ONE HAS TOLD THEE (ktci-, kAno-, 16; Ina, 47; n, 21, but conventionalized [American Anthropologist,^. s., 15 : 476]; eto prevent -nk-, 8 ; '', 29) ; klcmigutc' AFTER HE WAS TOLD THAT (for kici-ini-i-gu-tc'; kid, i, 16; In 1 THAT, inanimate sing., 47; tc', 29); klclnd-

tcimutC* AFTER HE NARRATED THAT (for klCl-

Ini-dtcimutc', and written correspondingly in the current syllabary; only an apparent exception to the above statement: the terminal ' of in' is not lost, because it is in front of a verbal stem per se; it is elided because the stem begins with a vowel; it would be elided outside of a compound if the next word began with a vowel; the loss of i of klci is referred to in 16); d'pltcimAnikl- cdgutcisAnAgindgwA'k* THAT THIS CONTINUES

TO LOOK AS DIFFICULT AS POSSIBLE (mAn'

THIS, inanimate sing., 47).

In the above-mentioned paper I have given some examples of indefinite pronouns being in the middle of verbal complexes. The point that I wish to emphasize is, that the terminal grammatical elements are treated

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