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 by Dixon but are scattered about in his texts. The verb -uwam-, -owam (-wam- appears also as -wum-, -waum-) regularly appears with “connecting vowel” -u-, -o-, e.g.:


 * y-owa′m-xa-nan (p. 349, l. 11)
 * y-uwaum-xa′-nan (349.5)
 * y-uwau′m-ia (349.2)
 * m-owa′m-xa-nan (349.14)
 * h-owa′m-da (349.1)
 * n-u·′wam (349.8; n- is second perosn singular imperative)
 * n-u·wa′um (351.1)
 * nu·-g-u·wa′m-na (350.18)

With these forms contrast the following first person plurals:


 * a·′-wam (351.9; 343.4)
 * a·-wa′m (359.5)
 * a-wa′m (351.18)
 * a-wu′m (341.6)
 * a-wa′m-an (351.16)
 * na·′tcidut a·′-wam (349.9)
 * xoko-lε·′-tce a-wa′m-xa-nan 350.1; 351.3)
 * xotai′-re-tce a-wa′m-xa-nan (350.15)

Obviously a- is here a pronominal element, displacing, as do ya- and tca-, the initial vowel of the stem. The verb -uwam- probably contains a suffixed, perhaps local, -m-, as shown by other derivatives of -uwa, e.g.:


 * n-u·a-kta (359.6)
 * m-u·′a-dok-ni (360.2)

In such verbs also the first person plural is characterized by an a- displacing the u- of the stem, e.g.:


 * a-wa-kda-xa′n (341.10; 11)

Finally, the negative of the first person plural, ordinarily ya-x-, tca-x-, is for the verb -uwa-(m-) apparently a-x-, e.g.:


 * a-x-am-gu-tcai′-da-nan (350.14)

On the basis of Cimariko alone one might surmise that the original form for the first person plural pronominal prefix (perhaps only for the “subjective” series) was a- and that the ya- (and perhaps also tca-) forms arose under the influence of the singular. An original Hokan paradigm for the first person pronominal prefixes: is, indeed, preserved in Salinan. The contrast of sing. i- (which generally appears in Salinan as e-; for Salinan e < i  c.f. Antoniaño epa·l, Migueleño ipaʟ < Hokan *ipali, Chimariko ipen, Achomawi ip‘li): plur. a- appears in the independent personal pronoun (Antoniaño he·’k‘ I, ha·’k‘ ; Migueleño k‘e’ I, k‘a’ ); in the prefixed subjective elements (e- I, a- ); and in the locative pronominal series (-k’e, -k’a ). The possessive pronominal prefixes are all but analogous. The first person singular is characterized by the absence of a prefix except, in the case of stems with initial vowel, for the prefixed article-like element ṭ-, which is not properly a possessive pronominal element; the corresponding plural has ṭ-a-, the article-like ṭ- plus the properly pronominal -a-, or (before vowels) ṭ-a-ṭ-, in which ṭ- seems to be used pleonastically. The only pronominal series in Salinan not characterized by a distinctive a- in the first person plural is the objective, suffixed to the verb (-ak ; -t’ak ); here the plural is derived from the singular by means of the common Salinan