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 NO. 2

��TYPES OF REDUPLICATION IN THE SALISH DIALECTS

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��bo'ctcEb, 1 MINK; pi., bo'cboctcEb xa'tcu, LAKE; pi., xa'tcxatcu

Plurals which do not reduplicate the con- sonant following the stem-vowel seem to be rather exceptional. See the following exam- ples:

tciLla', STONE (tcla'Lla' Snuqualmi); pi., tcitciLla'

sbyau, FOX; pi., sbi'byau'

sla'dai', WOMAN; pi., stala'dai'

swawa', LION; pi., swawawa'

The following does not belong properly in this class as it is onomatopoetic : k!a'k!a, CROW; pi., k!a'k!ak!a

It seems to be a constant feature of the plural-reduplication in Snohomish that the repetition is restricted to the stem and does not include the initial consonant of the suffix when the stem consists only of two sounds. See: po'tEd, SHIRT; pi., po'potEd

(-tEd = instrumental suffix) sqla'cEd, MOCCASIN; pi., sqla'qlacfid

(-cEd = suffix for FOOT) dzidi's, TOOTH; pi., dzidza'dis (-nis = suffix for TOOTH)

The following plural forms seem to be like- wise explained by the presence of a suffix: bo'q", DUCK; pi., bo"bo'q u stsa'li, HEART; pi., stsa'tsali sq!a'"L!, OTTER; pi., sq!a' a 'q!a'*L!

The Comox plural-reduplications are dis- tinguished from those of the Snohomish in that the former do not, like the latter, restrict themselves to the etymological stem, but may also include part of a suffix, for instance (Sapir: "Noun Reduplication in Comox" pp. 12 and 13):

q'.a'Ll, LAND-OTTER; pi., q!AL!q!a' a L!

q!a'"sa', SEA-OTTER; pi., q!A'sq!a"sa' (Kwakiutl)

mA'qsin', NOSE; pi., mA'qlmAqsin' (-qsin' = suffix for NOSE)

dji'cin', FOOT; pi., dji'cdjicin'

dji'dis, TOOTH; pi., dji'ddjidis (-dis = suffix for TOOTH).

The following plural forms are irregular: sxlu's, HEAD; pi., sxaxa'yus

This plural form is explained by the Snuqual- mi word for HEAD: sxa'yus.

1 6 like in German offnen

��sya'b, CHIEF; pi., si'ya'b sto'bc, MAN; pi., sto'b5bc

This last form is very extraordinary, -be is

the suffix for PERSON. Compare the Comox

form tA'mto'mic. 2

There are two types of diminutive redupli- cation in Snohomish. In the one type the vowel of the stem is repeated in the redupli- cating-syllable, in the other this vowel is changed to an i (or e). In either case the consonant following the vowel is not included in the reduplication. It is almost a constant feature that the accent is thrown back on the reduplicating-syllable. This is usually associ- ated with a reduction or complete elimina- tion of the vowel of the reduplicated syllable. Examples of reduplication of the first type are:

tca'las, ARM; dim., tca"tcElas k"ag u e'dtcEd, ELK; dim., k u akg u e'dtcEd

(Compare: pi., k u ag u k"ag u e'dtcEd) sk! u aqe'q, ROBIN; dim., sk! u ak!"qe'q so'pqs, SEAL; dim., so'sEpqs a'lal, HOUSE; dim., a"alal xa'tcu, LAKE; dim., xa'xtcu sto'bc, MAN; dim., stu'tubc kla'kla, CROW; dim., k!a'k!k!a sla'dai', WOMAN; dim., sla'ladai' *; pi., slala'dai' stsa'li, HEART; dim., stsa'tsEli sqlaLl, CLOUD; dim., sq!a'q!L! cau', BONE; dim., ca"cu' swawa', LION; dim., swa' u wa'

Instances of the second type of diminutive reduplication (with a shift to i in the redupli- cating-syllable) are:

po'tEd, SHIRT; dim., pi'potEd sqla'cEd, MOCCASIN; dim., sq!e'q!acEd bo'q u. DUCK; dim., bi" bo'q u sqla'n.!, OTTER; dim., sq!e" e q!a'"L! bo'ctcEb, MINK; dim., bi'bctcEb k!"a'lu, SKIN; dim., k.TkWu x u k!o'dcEd, FOOT; dim., x u k!e'k!odcEd klo'spl, TROUT; dim., k! u e'sk!"spl Lltcets, BOW; dim., Lle'Lltcits

(pi., Lla'tcLlatcits) sxius, HEAD, (sxa'yus Snuqualmi)

dim., sxi'xius stcE'txud, BEAR, (ctca'txud Snuqualmi)

dim., stci'tctxud

2 Sapir: op. cit. p. 14.

3 See Nisqualli la'ledai = GIRL (Teit).

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