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��TYPES OF REDUPLICATION IN THE SALISH DIALECTS

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��plural being indicated by an extension of the reduplicating vowel, sometimes by a diph- thongization of this vowel with an i. They never seem to be derived from the plural of the simplex.

kali'i, LAKE; chitkaikali'i, SMALL LAKES p. 257

(chiikalkali'i= LAKES) skuse'e, SON; skoikuse'e, BOYS p. 529

(skukuse'e= BOY)

kokomeus, YOUNG HORSE; pi., koikome'us p. 296 titui't, BOY; pi., tiitui't p. 572 pogo't, PARENT; pi. dim., piipogo't p. 470

(pogpogo't, PARENTS) she'utem, GIRL; pi. dim., sheushu'tem p. 510

(sheshu'tem= LITTLE GIRL, shue'utem= GIRLS)

End-reduplication, that is to say, the re- peating of the last consonant of the stem, is a prominent feature of Kalispelm. It occurs in some plural forms:

skolchemu's, CHEEK; pi., skolchemmu's p. 52

chem (root)= EXTREMITY OF SOMETHING s'cheme'pshin, HEEL; pi., schemme'pshin p. 494 ies-nchehu'sem, I UNCOVER HIS FACE ies-kolchehehu'sem, i UNCOVER HIS CHEEKS chines-lke'ilshi, i LAY DOWN kaes-lkali'lshi, WE LAY DOWN kaes-lkalkali'lshi, WE LAY DOWN IN GROUPS es-npenna'ksi, THEY LIE ON THE ROAD, ALL

IN ONE PLACE

es-npenpenna'ksi, THEY LIE HERE AND THERE

ON THE ROAD

(pen=root; -aks= suffix for ROAD)

��P-45

��P-354

��p. 466

��In the verb the end-reduplication ordinarily expresses the passing from one state into another:

tgO'gO, IT BECAME STRAIGHT p. 591 tOg= STRAIGHT

chines-tkokomi', i FALL p. 578

tk"= (root) TO LIE chines-ko'lili, JE DEVIENS p. 297

kol= (root) to make

chines-ntkokomi', i AM BEING CONCEIVED. (This expresses the act of passing from a state of not being conceived to one of being conceived, Giorda) p. 430 chines-na'kokoi, i GO TO STEAL p. 404

nako= (root) TO STEAL es-mkokomi', IT SWELL UP p. 398

moko= root

��gui'kuku, IT IS BEING DRESSED p. 197

guika= root chines-ia't'ti, i AM BEING SHAKEN p. 223

khi'ch, IT BECOMES BOUND p. 34!

lich= (root) TO BIND

eS-DOz'z, IT FLATTENS p. 455

i-pOZ= FLAT

pini'n, IT BECAME FULL p. 465

pin= FULL es-telilemi, IT GROWS HARD p. 564

til= (rOOt) TO HARDEN

pgO'g, IT GOT SCATTERED p. 460

P0g= (root) TO SCATTER

Certain verbal suffixes are ordinarily asso- ciated with the end-reduplication. Thus -nunem, TO SUCCEED IN SOMETHING occurs almost always with this form of the verb.

ies-kammnu'nem, i SUCCEED IN SWALLOWING IT

p. 261 ies-gol'lnu'nem, i SUCCEED IN THROWING IT AWAY

p. 176

ies-skakanu'nem, i SUCCEED IN SPLITTING IT p. 492 ies-paag'ganu'nem, i SUCCEED IN CURING p. 448 ies-lz'znu'nem, i SUCCEED IN WHIPPING HIM p. 365 ies-koeenu'nem, i SUCCEED IN BITING IT p. 281

ies-il'lnu'nem, i SUCCEED IN STRIKING p. 232

ies-gukukunu'nem, i SUCCEED IN CLEANSING IT p. 204

End-reduplication with -utem: elchchutem, ABLE TO BE BOUND p. 343

lech= (root) TO BIND ngal'lu'tem, TO BE FEARED p. 157 gul'lu'tem, SANABILIS p. 197

gez'ztmu'tem, ABLE TO DIG p. 168

The end-reduplication seems almost always to be used with the negation:

taS-10'O, NOT WELL, io', WELL p. 237

taks-shni'n, IT WILL NOT STICK p. 516

shin= root

tas gokoko'tem, INSEPARABLE p. 183 tas kue'lchch, IT DOES NOT UPSET p. 324 tas kup'p, IT DOES NOT MOVE p. 333 ta-spi'pe, but: chines-spmi', i WHIP

Verbs may have an initial as well as an end- reduplication in one and the same form.

chines-chshiteshtemu's, I RAISE MY EYES 1 chin-chshiteshit'temu's, MY EYES RISE UP f p. 519

BY THEMSELVES

sgolkolkoiTl, UNJUST PROFITS p. 294

koil= (root), TO CHEAT

kaes-zkakali'lsh, WE FALL ON OUR BACKS p. 630 (chines-zkalo't, i LIE ON MY BACK)

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