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30 on the upper stave down, irrespective of their relation to the middle line of the stave (see ƒ, Fig. 18, from the "Moonlight" Sonata).

24. In short score, that is when two parts have to be written on one stave, the stems belonging to the upper part should be turned upwards, and those to the lower downwards. Only by this means can the course of the parts be made clear to the eye. When the parts cross, the rule must be strictly adhered to: the note belonging to the upper part, not the upper note, must have the upward stem. To make quite clear which note each stem belongs to, it is well in this case to make the notes a little less close together than they otherwise would be (see a, Fig. 19, a well-known case from a chant by Sir John Goss, where the tenor goes below the bass). Sometimes more than two parts are written on one stave; in this case the stems of two parts