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24 groups, he used no rests to represent the absent hand. These, appearing simultaneously with the notes, would have implied a second part. With him rests represent a living, though absent, voice; in modern usage they frequently represent, not music, but the way of playing it. See Fig. 15, the first half of which is in two parts, therefore rests represent the thirty-second note silences; and the second half of which is in one part, therefore no rests are employed though only one hand is engaged at a time. It is from a B flat Prelude in Bach's Well-tempered Clavier.

Fig. 15.

20.—Dots are used in music for Dots. three purposes: (1) as repeat marks, (2) to indicate semi-staccato, (3) to prolong a note one half. As repeat marks, they