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 by descending at the heels; to preserve the sensible sole from pressure, and (with its concavity) to form a convexity towards the earth.

'8. The external bars are nothing more than a continuation of the crust, forming angles at the heels.

'9. The internal bars are a continuation of the laminae of the crust, attached to the horny sole at the heels, within the hoof; and that these insensible laminae are intimately united with sensible laminated bars, connected with the sensible sole.

'10. The use of the external bars is to preserve the heels expanded; and the use of the internal horny bars, to prevent separation and dislocation of the horny sole from the sensible sole.

'11. The external frog is convex, and of an insensible, horny, elastic nature.

'12. The internal sensible frog is of the same form, very highly elastic, and united with two elastic cartilages.

'13. The frogs are not made to protect the tendon.

'14. The use of the frog is to prevent the horse from slipping, by its convexity embracing the ground; and from the elasticity of the sensible and horny frogs, they act as a spring to the animal, and keep expanded the heels.

'15. The common practice of shoeing is, to cut the frog and totally remove the bars.

'16. The removal of the bars and frog deprives these organs of their natural function.

'17. The shoe commonly employed is thicker at the heel than the toe.