Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/504

 '11. The calkins on the inside heels are liable to wound the coronets when the horse happens to cross his feet.

'12. A horse shod with them is soon fatigued and never goes easy.

'13. The horse which has only a calkin on the outside does not stand fair, and the calkin confines the movement of the coronary articulation, the foot being twisted to one side.

'14. If a horse has his feet pared and loses a shoe, he cannot travel without breaking and bruising the wall, and damaging the horny sole, because the horn is too thin to protect it.

'15. If the shoes are long, and the heels of the hoof pared out hollow, stones and pebbles lodge between the shoe and the sole, and make the horse lame.

'16. Flat feet become convex by hollowing the shoes to relieve the heels and the frog, because the more the shoes are arched from the sole, the more the wall of the hoofs is squeezed and rolled inwards, particularly towards the inner quarter, which is the weakest; the sole of the foot becomes convex, and the horse is nearly always unfit for service.

' 17. If the wall of the hoof is thin and the shoes are arched, the quarters are so pressed upon that the horse is lame.

'18. Pared hoofs are exposed to considerable injury from wounds by nails, stones, glass, etc.

'19. The pared sole readily picks up earth or sand, which forms a kind of cement between it and the shoe, and produces lameness.