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 It is also found in the Charta Buzelinum (p. 528) for the year 1034; in the 'Statutis Ordinis de Sempringham ' (p. 743); in 'Institu. Cap. Gener. Cisteric (cap. 36); and in Foris Bigorre (art. 40).

After the arrival of the Normans in England, and who in all probability brought it with them, the designation or title is a common one; the marechal or smith being often typified by hammers, tongs, anvils, and horse-shoes, and marshall or marescallus became a common name. For instance, in the 'Annales Cambriæ,' for the 11th century, it is recorded, 'Willielmus Marescallus factus est comes Penbrochiæ.'

We also notice that Walter Marshall, seventh Earl of Pembroke, who died in the Keep of Gooderich Castle, in 1246, had for his seal a horse-shoe, and a nail within its branches. This seal is of interest to us in not only showing the origin of the name, but as affording a good idea of the shoes and nails in use at this period (fig. 143).

In the curious work entitled 'Fleta,' written in the reign of Edward I., the 'Marescalcia' and 'Marescallo' are specially alluded to. For example, in speaking of the 'Hospitio Regis,' it is written: Item eleemosynar' janitorem, servientem ad custod' summar', et carectarum deputatum, et clericum de Marescalcia cum Marescallo, ferratore equorum, qui quidem clericus de expensis fœni et avenæ, literæ ferrure equorum et harnes' pro equis, et carectis, ac de vadiis servientum, scutiferorum, clericorum, et garcionem respondebit cujus interest scire de hiis qui