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54 pp. 91–95; and C. S. White, The People's Songster for Campaign Purposes and a Jolly Time Generally (1892), p. 16.

118. Quoted from Federal Writers' Project, More Farmers' Alliance Songs of the 1890's ("Nebraska Folklore," 30 pamphlets in 2 vols., 1937–1940), no. 20, p. 16. [Typewritten copy provided through courtesy of Mrs. Thelma I. Kuhl, assistant librarian, State Library of Nebraska. Since Mrs. Kuhl's death in 1967, the folklore pamphlets, together with the other historical materials in the state library, have been transferred to the Nebraska State Historical Society in Lincoln.] The "Howe" referred to in the chorus was undoubtedly Edgar Watson Howe (1853–1937), the publisher of The Atchison Globe. Howe, known as "The Sage of Potato Hill," viewed the Populists as more or less akin to cyclones and grasshoppers, and they returned the compliment. See Calder M. Pickett, Ed Howe: Country Town Philosopher (1968), pp. 116, 117, 120, 131, 132–133, 216.

119. Wilbur Fisk Crafts, Song Victories of "The Bliss and Sankey Hymns" (1877), p. 153, citing the report in "a missionary letter" that "Hold the Fort" had been heard in the Zulu language.

120. Sing Out!, vol. 7 (summer 1957), p. 29. Quoted by permission of Sing Out! An earlier article by Alexander Walgren related, with some common errors of fact, "The Story of 'Hold the Fort (Sing Out!, vol. 5 [spring 1955], pp. 22–23).

121. Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (4 vols., 1947–1965), vol. 2, pp. 60–61, and p. 443 (note 18, citing S. W . Foss in Tid-Bits, undated clipping in Scrapbooks on Labor, New York Public Library). [Words used by permission of International Publishers, Inc.] The italics in which Foner sets the quoted verse have been dropped. The same verse and chorus are quoted, with very slight differences, in Foster Rhea Dulles, Labor in America: A History (1955), p. 142; and the chorus alone is quoted in Edith Fowke and Joe Glazer, Songs of Work and Freedom (1960), p. 37.

122. Fowke and Glazer, Songs of Work and Freedom, p. 37.

123. Norman J. Ware, The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860–1895: A Study in Democracy (1929), pp. 68–69.

124. Ware, Labor Movement in United, pp. xi, 66, 371–373.

125. Among the many writings on Joe Hill are Philip S. Foner's The Case of Joe Hill (1965), a highly sympathetic account that lists articles, plays, poems, and other items about Hill, some of which are unfavorable; and the same author's edition of The Letters of Joe Hill (1965) and his History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 4, pp. 151–155, 455 (note). Other references: Ture Nerman, Arbetarsångaren Joe Hill, Mördare eller Martyr? (1951); Barrie Stavis, The Man Who Never Died; A Play about Joe Hill with Notes on Joe Hill and His Times (1954); Ralph Chaplin, Wobbly, the Rough and Tumble Story of an American Radical (1948), passim; George Hardy, Those Stormy Years: Memories of the Fight for Freedom on Five Continents (1956), passim; Patrick Renshaw, The Wobblies: The Story of Syndicalism in the United States (1967), passim; and Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (1969), passim. For the words and music of the song "Joe Hill," together with some historical notes, see Fowke and Glazer, Songs of Work and Freedom, pp. 20–21. On its use at the Reuther funeral