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 34 HISTORY OF FRANCE. fcHAP. place, and the townsmen defied the crusaders by throwing the gospels over the walls, crying, " There is your law. We heed it not. Keep it to yourselves." They made a sally in full strength, but the crusaders drove them back, rushed into the town with them, and made a most ruthless slaughter. It is said that, when Simon de Montfort asked Abbot Arnold Aniaury how to discern between Catholic and heretic, the answer was, " Kill all alike, God will know his own." The viscount was at Catrassonne, whence he sent to his other uncle, Peter I., King- of Aragon for aid, and was advised by him to go in person to the camp to explain that he was no heretic. There however Abbot Amaury insisted on making him prisoner as a means of forcing the surrender of Carcassonne, and his captivity was continued till his death, while his lands were given to Simon de Montfort. The other crusaders returned home, but Simon remained to carry on a pitiless persecution of the surviving heretics, calling upon the Count of Toulouse to perform his promise of rooting out heresy in his lands. This Raymond was as little able as willing to do, and the war began again in 1210, the crusaders making havoc of the whole county, while Raymond shut himself up in Toulouse with all who had escaped. Simon now began to deal v/ith the land as his own conquest, with the clear object of founding a principality for himself. He held a parliament and divided the confiscated lands among his barons, thus interfering with the rights of Peter of Aragon, who held Roussillon and other fiefs in Southern Gaul. Peter appealed to the Pope, but obtaining no redress, took np arms and crossed the Pyrenees in September, 12 13. The Southern barons joined him to a man ; the French from the North flocked to Simon's standard. Peter was overthrown with complete defeat by Simon's army at Miiretf and was himself among the slain. The remain- ing cities opened their gates, and the conquest seemed complete. Simon was declared prince of the conquered lands by the synod of clergy at Montpellier. 3. The Lateran Council, 12 15. —In 12 1 5 Innocent III. held the Council of the Lateran, when Dominic Guzman was authorised to form his order of friars, called the Dominicans, for preaching and contending with f ilse doc- trine. Into their hands was put the newly-invented means of dealing with heresy, called the Inquisition, by which search was made into alleged heretical opinions, and those whom the spiritual power condemned were handed