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 202 HISTORY OF FRA.VCE. [CHAP was the last man to retreat, but he was forced to come to the king at St. Cloud and tell him his cause was lost to Paris, La Fayette took the command of the National Guard. The king withdrew the ordinances, but it was too late. Some were for a republic, but the deputies appoint- ed the Du'-;e of Orleans lieutenant-general of the kingdom. The Duke of Angouleme, the king's son, still tried to use force, and, on this proving hopeless, Charles, seeing no further hope for himself or his family, resigned his cliims and those of his eldest son, only reserving the rights of his grandson. The chambers however would not accept the Duke of Bourdeaux, but first, on the 7th of August, passed certain amendments to the charter, and then elected the Duke of Orleans king, restoring once more the ancient title of King of the French. Meanwhile the deposed king with his family made their way to Cherbourg and embarked for England. 4. Louis Philippe king, 1830. — The new king, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, who had already been chosen lieutenant-general of the kingdom, was the eldest son of that duke who had called himself iT^rt////, and had perished in the revolution. Bred up by the clever Madame de Geiilis, he had been an intelligent youth, full of resource, and had distinguished himself in the battle of Valmy and again at Jemappes in 1792 under General Dumouriez. Later in the revolution all the family were arrested, except the daughter Adelaide, who was taken to England by Madame de Genlis, and Louis Philippe, who escaped into Switzerland, so destitute that he became a teacher in a school neir Geneva. His brothers were released at the end' of the Reign of Terror. He then joined them in England, where the youngest died, and the other soon after at M ilta. After spending some time in America, he returned at the restoration, recovered his estates, and married the Sicilian princess Maria Amelia. He, with his wife and sister, lived at the Palais Royal, suspected by the Court of disaffection and self-interest, but very popular with the liberal party for the frankness and ease of their manners and their sympathies with the people. The close of the English civil wars now seemed to repeat itself. After a would-be despot lik; James II., it was time to have a liberal member of the royal family like William III. Louis Philippe reigned as a constitutional king chosen by the nation, with the tricolor, not the white flag of the Bourbon, as his ensign. There were to be two houses as